ROLE OF TARGETED THERAPY IN THE COMBINATION TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY CANCER AND METASTATIC BRAIN INVOLVEMENT

In patients with kidney cancer (KC), the rate of metastatic brain involvement is 2-11%, is steadily growing, and is one of the important reasons for treatment failures in these patients. Surgery and radiotherapy, including radiosurgery, must be considered as optimal treatments for patients with KC and brain metastases. Systemic drug therapy has recently played a more and more increasing role in the treatment of patients with a progressive brain tumor process. At the same time, there are no exact pharmacokinetic data on drugs registered for the treatment of disseminated KC in respect to their concentration in the human central nervous when they are used in therapeutic doses. On the basis of the data of the literature review and the results of the authors’ studies, it may be concluded that while none of the target agents has still shown any significant advantage over others in treating KC patients with brain metastases. All the drugs have demonstrated their ability to achieve a clinical and X-ray verified objective effect (as stabilizations in most cases) in treating brain metastases. The most data are available on the therapeutic efficacy of sunitinib and sorafenib. In case of progressive brain tumor process, drug treatment should be individually discussed in each situation in accordance with standard approaches to treating patients with disseminated KC

ИНДИВИДУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ЦЕРЕБРАЛЬНЫМИ МЕТАСТАЗАМИ ЗЛОКАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ОПУХОЛЕЙ. ПРОГНОСТИЧЕСКАЯ ШКАЛА TUNS

Improvement in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients, increase in frequency of prevalence and detection of metastatic lesions of the brain make the choice of treatment timely and important. The article presents data on the current prognostic scales for patients with cerebral metastases of solid tumors and the analysis of their features. The features of choice of tactics and strategy of treatment of patients with cerebral metastases of solid tumors depending on various prognostic factors are described. The original version of the rating scale for determining treatment options for patients with metastatic brain lesions is proposed. We suggest to consider oncological, neurological (neurosurgical), somatic (functional) groups of factors to choose the tactics of treatment of patients with brain metastases.Совершенствование диагностики и лечения онкологических пациентов, рост частоты распространенности и выявляемости метастатического поражения головного мозга делают вопрос выбора лечения своевременным и важным. В статье приводятся данные о современных прогностических шкалах для пациентов с церебральными метастазами солидных опухолей. Проводится анализ их особенностей. Описываются особенности выбора тактики и стратегии лечения пациентов с церебральными метастазами солидных опухолей в зависимости от различных прогностических факторов. Предлагается оригинальный вариант оценочной шкалы для определения возможностей лечения пациента с метастатическим поражением головного мозга. Для выбора тактики лечения пациентов с метастазами в головной мозг предлагается учитывать группы факторов: онкологические, неврологические (нейрохирургические), соматические (функциональные)

SURGICAL TACTICS REGARDING CEREBRAL METASTASES WITH HEMORRHAGES

Cerebral metastases occur with 10 to 30 % of all oncological patients. Hemorrhages into cerebral metastases are one of the most dangerous complications of the metastatic process. With that, cerebral metastases of such widespread solid malignant tumors as melanoma, kidney cancer, germ cell tumors, less frequently, lung cancer and breast cancer are prone to hemorrhages. The purpose of the work is to improve the results of surgical treatment of patients with brain metastases complicated with hemorrhages.Materials  and  methods. Surgical  treatment  of  69  patients  with  brain  metastases complicated  with  hemorrhages was  performed in N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center. Hemorrhage on the macroscopic level was confirmed intraoperatively and in accordance with the results of the morphological study of surgical drugs. Total microsurgical resection of one or several cerebral metastases with hemor rhages was performed regarding all patients studied. The time interval of observation of patients after the surgical treatment comprises 1 to 72 months. There were 27 women and 42 men. The age range was from 18 to 74 y.o. Besides, the state of veins of lower extremities and the state of the coagulation blood system in accordance with the data of coagulograms was studies. The analysis of the macrostructure and the microstructure of metastases with hemorrhages as well as the morphological study of the brain tissue adjacent to hematomas was performed with a morphological study and histological techniques. The patients were distributed in accordance with the RPA (recursive partitioning analysis) classes: I class (n = 7), II class (n = 39), III class (n = 23); in accordance with the hemorrhage type: intratumoral type (26 metastases), perifocal type (20), mixed type (32); in accordance with the histological principle: melanoma (n = 25), lung cancer (n = 13), kidney cancer (n = 17), breast cancer (n = 4), colorectal cancer (n = 1), soft tissue sarcoma (n = 4), non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (n = 5).Results. Early post-surgical lethality comprised 6 % (n = 4). Development of local relapses comprised 16 % (n = 11). Extracerebral development of the disease has become the reason of death of 59 % of patients, development of the disease in the brain has become the reason of death of 41 % of patients. The shortest survival median was found with patients suffering from melanoma and comprised 6 months, with the III class of RPA, it comprised 6 months, with the perifocal hemorrhage type, it comprised 6 months, the longest survival median was found with patients suffering from sarcoma and comprised 15.5 months, with the I class of RPA, it comprised 14 months, and with the intratumoral hemorrhage type, it comprised 14.5 months.Conclusions. Development of local relapses depended on the surgical intervention technique and did not depend on the availability of tumor elements in the hematoma. Separated resection of the metastasis and perifocal hematoma does not violate oncosurgical principles and does not cause the rate of local relapses; the common survival median of patients after surgical treatment comprised 9 months. The factors that determined survival of patients with cerebral metastases with hemorrhages were the histological form of the primary tumor, type of metastasis hemorrhage and RPA class of the patient prior to the surgery

Brain metastases from esophageal cancer: a case-report

Esophageal cancer spreads locally via the circulatory and lymphatic systems and can, extremely rarely, form brain metastases. The development of intracranial metastases is a long-term adverse event indicating poor prognosis. In this paper, we present a case of esophageal cancer with a brain metastasis in a patient who received combination therapy and demonstrated long-term progression-free survival