THE RAILWAY TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN (FOR THE 100-TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY)

The article gives a short description of the history of construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. It covers the situation on Russia’s railways in the second half of the 19th century and debatable questions related to the selection of railway alignment, its function and financing of construction. The article also contains the information about work progress, its scale and construction costs

THE RAILWAY TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN (FOR THE 100-TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY)

The article gives a short description of the history of construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. It covers the situation on Russia’s railways in the second half of the 19th century and debatable questions related to the selection of railway alignment, its function and financing of construction. The article also contains the information about work progress, its scale and construction costs

The formation of the methodology for the economic optimization of managerial decisions on transport

The urgency of the development of transport communications and the need to optimize their work, to develop a methodology for the study of transport as a specific industry has been substantiated. The issues of emergence and evolution of methods of economic research in transport in the context of general scientific methodology at various historical stages of development of domestic and foreign science have been considered. The characteristic of views of domestic and foreign scientists and experts on formal and substantial-essential methods of research has been given. The basic principles of a systematic approach to solving complex scientific and practical problems in the fieldof transport have been outlined

Reactive diffusion in Sc/Si multilayer X-ray mirrors with CrB2 barrier layers

Processes undergoing in Sc/Si multilayer X-ray mirrors (MXMs) with periods of ∼27 nm and barrier layers of CrB20.3- and 0.7-nm thick within the temperature range of 420–780 K were studied by methods of small-angle Xray reflectivity (λ = 0.154 nm) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. All layers with the exception of Sc ones are amorphous. Barrier layers are stable at least up to a temperature of 625 K and double the activation energy of diffusional intermixing at moderate temperatures. Introduction of barriers improves the thermal stability of Sc/Si MXMs at least by 80 degrees. Diffusion of Si atoms through barrier layers into Sc layers with formation of silicides was shown to be the main degradation mechanism of MXMs. A comparison of the stability for Sc/Si MXMs with different barriers published in the literature is conducted. The ways of further improvement of barrier properties are discusse

Impact of Cultivating Environment on the Terms of Persistence and Certain Properties of Cholera Vibrios

Objective of the study is to investigate the impact of cultivating temperature and medium on the terms of persistence, ctx gene retention, and enzymatic activity of V. cholerae O1 with various toxigenicity.Materials and methods. Utilized were the strains of V. cholerae El Tor: P-5879, P-19613, and also the strain P-19787.Results and conclusions. In the process of studying cholera vibrios El Tor with different genetic characteristics it was determined that the longest terms of persistence (19 days) on mineral substrates at 5 ºC were observed for toxigenic strains, while for non-toxigenic ones it made less than 17 days. At the same time cholera vibrios can persist continuously and even reproduce on mineral substrates under the conditions of subnormal lowered temperatures (not less than 10 °C). Toxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae, irrespectively of cultivating medium and temperature, retained ctx gene in their genome and maintained enzymatic activity throughout the experiment. Such long-term persistence of cholera vibrios at low temperatures on mineral substrates may be regarded as possibility of preservation of V. cholerae toxigenic strains in case of import by the infected persons or vibrio-carriers

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL PECULIARITIES OF MUCOSAL IMMUNITY DEPENDING ON METHODS OF OPPORTUNISTIC MICROBIAL INTRODUCTION

Immunophenotypic and morphological peculiarities of immune reactions under intranasal, peroral and subcutaneous introduction of multicomponent vaccine Immunovac VP-4 containing a group of opportunistic bacterial antigens were investigated. The investigated preparation was found to cause marked activation of congenital immunity effectors both in parenteral and mucosal immunization. It is manifested in the expression of differential, costimulatory, adhesive molecules on the surface of mononuclear leukocytes in proliferation of key mucosal immunity effectors (γδТ, В1, NK cells), and changes in structure, cellular composition of immunocompetent organs both regional and distant as to the site of introduction. Currently existing data on effects and mechanisms of vaccine and immunomodulator mucosal introduction allows considering the development of mucosal mono- and associated vaccines as the priority direction in modern vaccinology

Evaluation of the functional activity of CD39 ectonucleotidase in regulatory T cells in children with inflammatory bowel diseases

In connection with the increasing incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the search for prognostic markers of the effectiveness of therapy is an urgent problem. An imbalance between Th17 lymphocytes and regulatory T cells (Treg) is a major defect in the immune system leading to IBD. Extracellular ATP produced during tissue damage, rebound pro-inflammatory effects, and activates Th17 cell differentiation. Ectonucleotidase CD39 catalyzes the dephosphorylation of ATP to AMP, followed by conversion to adenosine by CD73. CD39 is expressed in various cell types, including Treg. Aim – evaluate the functional activity of CD39+ in Treg in children with IBD using the luciferin-luciferase method.68 children with IBD were examined. Of these, 28 children were in remission, 40 were in exacerbation. The number of Tregs (CD4+CD25highCD127low) expressing CD39 was estimated by flow cytometry. The ATP concentration in supernatants and cells was determined using the luciferin-luciferase test. Results are presented as median (Me) and quartiles (Q0.25-Q0.75). The significance of differences between groups was assessed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test.The relative number of CD39+Treg in patients in remission of IBD was significantly higher than in patients in a state of exacerbation. A decrease in ATP concentration under the influence of CD39+Treg in patients with IBD occurred immediately upon the addition of exogenous ATP. ATP in patients in remission decreased by 44.5% (Me 54.5 (41.5-65.9)), in patients in exacerbation – by 32.5% (Me 67.5 (59.7-71.3)). At the same time, in patients in remission, the decrease in the ATP content after 5 minutes of the reaction was significantly higher than in patients in the state of exacerbation (p = 0.01), after 30 minutes of the reaction, no significant difference was found. It was shown that samples with a smaller number of cells and a lower intensity of CD39 expression in Treg had a higher activity of CD39 ectonucleotidase.For efficient ATP hydrolysis, in addition to the amount of CD39 in Treg, their functional activity is important. The assessment of the catalytic activity of CD39 in Treg in patients with IBD is most informative in the first minutes after the addition of exogenous ATP. In patients in remission, the catalytic activity of CD39 in Treg was higher than in patients in a state of exacerbation

MICE SERUM CYTOKINE LEVEL UNDER MUCOSAL IMMUNIZATION WITH OPPORTUNISTIC MICROBIAL ANTIGENS

An important parameter of immunotropic preparation effect is the influence on the production of cytokines that provide the interaction between the effectors of both congenital and adaptive immunity. Cytokine level was determined in the work while using the methods of mucosal immunization with Immunovac-VP-4 and compared with the subcutaneous introduction of this preparation. In case of intranasal and peroral methods of antigen application IL-5, IL-6, and IL-12 expression was found to be elevated, the same was true for IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ under the subcutaneous immunization. Resulting mice cytokine profile confirmed that irrespective of the method of Immunovac introduction, the activation of immune effectors occurred that was manifested in the increase in proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine levels. It was concluded that the introduction of opportunistic microbial antigens initiated the activation of the cascade of immunologic reactions and under the influence of synthesized cytokines the polarization of immune response was involved that was predominantly of Th1 type

Туффизитовые алмазы на Енисейском кряже

First complete mineralogical and geochemical studies were conducted for diamonds and tuffisites-like source rocks identified at the Eniseyskiy Ridge. Studied diamonds are characterized by green color, cubo-octahedral morphology, moderate nitrogen content, and unaggregated nitrogen structural defects. The xenomineral film on the surface of diamond consist of a variety of native metal, carbide, sulfide and sulfate, halosulfide and oxide phases. The main micro-impurities are presented by Ni, Fe, Mn. The individual crystals as well as the diamonds in whole vary significantly in the isotopic composition of carbon. The results confirm the widespread dissemination of the diamonds on the Siberian Platform and their polygenesis.Впервые проведены комплексные минералого-геохимические исследования алмазов и туффизитоподобных алмазоносных пород, выявленных на Енисейском кряже. Исследованные алмазы характеризуются зеленым цветом, кубоктаэдрическим габитусом, умеренной азотностью, неагрегированным состоянием азотных структурных дефектов. На поверхности алмазов установлены ксеноминеральные пленки, в состав которых входят разнообразные самородно-металлические, карбидные, сульфидные и галогенсульфидные, сульфатные и оксидные фазы. В качестве основных микроэлементов-примесей выступают Ni, Fе, Mn. Весьма неоднородны по изотопному составу углерода как алмазы-индивиды, так и алмазы изученной популяции в целом. Полученные результаты подтверждают выводы о повсеместной зараженности Сибирской платформы алмазами и их полигенности