Оценка требуемых скоростей передачи данных при организации беспроводной связи между ядрами центрального процессора

In this paper, a principal architecture of common purpose CPU and its main components are discussed, CPUs evolution is considered and drawbacks that prevent future CPU development are mentioned. Further, solutions proposed so far are addressed and a new CPU architecture is introduced. The proposed architecture is based on wireless cache access that enables a reliable interaction between cores in multicore CPUs using terahertz band, 0.1-10THz. The presented architecture addresses the scalability problem of existing processors and may potentially allow to scale them to tens of cores. As in-depth analysis of the applicability of the suggested architecture requires accurate prediction of traffic in current and next generations of processors, we consider a set of approaches for traffic estimation in modern CPUs discussing their benefits and drawbacks. The authors identify traffic measurements by using existing software tools as the most promising approach for traffic estimation, and they use Intel Performance Counter Monitor for this purpose. Three types of CPU loads are considered including two artificial tests and background system load. For each load type the amount of data transmitted through the L2-L3 interface is reported for various input parameters including the number of active cores and their dependences on the number of cores and operational frequency.Рассматривается современная архитектура процессоров общего назначения, ее основные компоненты, описывается эволюция, а также подчеркиваются проблемы, препятствующие дальнейшему развитию такой архитектуры. Далее рассмотрены предложенные ранее пути развития процессоров, подчеркиваются их недостатки и предлагается новая архитектура, основанная на беспроводном доступе к кеш-памяти в многоядерных процессорах. В основе предлагаемого решения лежит организация надежного обмена данными между кешем третьего уровня и ядрами процессора через беспроводной канал в терагерцовом диапазоне. Таким образом, масштабируемость системы повышается до десятков и, потенциально, сотен ядер. В то же время, детальный анализ применимости предложенного решения требует точного предсказания количества информации, передаваемой между ядрами и кеш-памятью в процессорах текущего и следующего поколения. В данной работе рассматриваются основные подходы к построению оценки количества передаваемых данных, выделены их достоинства и недостатки. Авторы останавливают свой выбор на непосредственных измерениях количества данных с помощью существующих программных инструментов. Для измерений используется программный инструмент Intel Performance Counter Monitor, позволяющей оценить количе- ство данных, передаваемых между кеш-памятью второго и третьего уровней каждого ядра. В работе рассматриваются три варианта нагрузки на ядро – два искусственных теста и фоновая нагрузка от операционной системы. Для каждого типа нагрузки в работе приведены численные значения количества данных, проходящих по шине между кешем второго и третьего уровней, и показана их зависимость от тактовой частоты работы процессора и количества ядер

High density internet of things network analysis

This article presents results of Internet of things network modeling as an ad hoc network. The main attention is paid to the features of the functioning of such a network in high density conditions, up to 1 device per square meter. The paper presents the results of evaluations of the basic operating conditions, namely, the level of interference from neighboring network nodes and the signal-to-noise ratio. The results obtained show that such a network can remain connected, but construction of relatively long routes is required. The developed models make it possible to express the dependence of the noise level and signal-to-noise ratio on the network density, produced traffic, and transmitter power. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Evaluating the quality of experience performance metric for UAV-based networks

In this work, we consider a UAV-assisted cell in a single user scenario. We consider the Quality of Experience (QoE) performance metric calculating it as a function of the packet loss ratio. In order to acquire this metric, a radio-channel emulation system was developed and tested under different conditions. The system consists of two independent blocks, separately emulating connections between the User Equipment (UE) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and between the UAV and Base station (BS). In order to estimate scenario usage constraints, an analytical model was developed. The results show that, in the described scenario, cell coverage can be enhanced with minimal impact on QoE. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Modeling Unreliable Operation of mmWave-Based Data Sessions in Mission-Critical PPDR Services

Public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) situations are becoming increasingly common due to the rapid urbanization of our society. Among these, harsh weather conditions and harmful human activity create challenges for reliable operation of mobile communication infrastructures, which calls for immediate action. The wireless networks of today may not be ready to accommodate emergency scenarios as they have not been optimized for PPDR contexts historically. In this paper, we first review the important use cases, challenges, and requirements in the context of next-generation mobile networking for PPDR applications. We argue that many emerging services may be supported by the novel communication technology operating in millimeter-wave spectrum. Against this background, we contribute a new analytical model to characterize session continuity and other service-level performance indicators in cases when the communication system is susceptible to sudden intermissions caused by emergency situations. © 2013 IEEE

Prototyping 5G Network in Laboratory Testbed with Virtual Deployment Environment

This paper describes different ways of deploying a 5G network testbed for research porpouses. The proposed method allows us to introduce various research developments into the ecosystem of the network infrastructure. Using the laboratory infrastructure we propose a technique for investigating moving mobile devices using artificial signal distortion. This technique reduces the time and cost of test planning. At the same time, it simulates conditions close to real situations. © 2020 IEEE

Quantifying the millimeter wave new radio base stations density for network slicing with prescribed SLAs

Network slicing is expected to become an integral part of future 5G systems providing a simple mechanism for physical network operators to diversify their business models. New Radio (NR) technology operating in millimeter wave (mmWave) band is one of the critical bearers for this functionality, providing extraordinary capacity at the air interface. This paper provides a mathematical tool for assessing the upper and lower bounds of NR BS density needed to maintain the requested slice rate guarantees. The upper bound corresponds to the full traffic isolation between slices while the lower one — to the full mixing of traffic from the slices. To this aim, we unite the tools of stochastic geometry and queuing theory formulating a performance evaluation framework that allows assessing the rate violation metrics in a dynamic network slicing environment. The developed framework captures specifics of mmWave NR technology, including antenna directivity at the UE and NR BS sides, propagation and blockage losses, as well as the service process with location-dependent resource requirements. Our results show that for considered schemes, the operational regime of the system changes abruptly with respect to the density of NR BSs. The difference between full isolation and full mixing schemes becomes bigger in environments with high session arrival intensities that naturally require dense deployments. Thus, at the initial market penetration phase, full isolation can be used without compromising the network performance. However, at mature stages, more complex schemes are needed to reduce the capital expenditures of the operators. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

Connectivity Properties of Vehicles in Street Deployment of 3GPP NR Systems

The deployment of recently standardized 3GPP New Radio (NR) technology operating in millimeter wave frequency band brings unique challenges to fifth-generation (5G) cellular system design. Particularly, rapid fluctuations of the received signal strength caused by various mobile objects in the channel may frequently lead to outage. The propagation conditions are further complicated when user equipment (UE) is mounted on moving vehicles. To address this issue 3GPP has recently proposed multi-connectivity operation, where UE is allowed to maintain multiple spatially-diverse links to different access points (AP). In this paper, we address one of the most challenging prospective NR deployments - multi-lane street/highway deployment. We show that using the mixture of analytical and simulation modeling one may computationally efficiently characterize the probability of outage in the considered scenario as a function of the degree of multi-connectivity. We then comprehensively study various outage-related metrics including the fraction of time in outage, mean outage time and associated distribution for various environments including normal traffic conditions, traffic jam, highway and emergency scenarios, densities of APs and degrees of multi-connectivity. © 2018 IEEE

Modeling Unreliable Operation of mmWave-Based Data Sessions in Mission-Critical PPDR Services

Public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) situations are becoming increasingly common due to the rapid urbanization of our society. Among these, harsh weather conditions and harmful human activity create challenges for reliable operation of mobile communication infrastructures, which calls for immediate action. The wireless networks of today may not be ready to accommodate emergency scenarios as they have not been optimized for PPDR contexts historically. In this paper, we first review the important use cases, challenges, and requirements in the context of next-generation mobile networking for PPDR applications. We argue that many emerging services may be supported by the novel communication technology operating in millimeter-wave spectrum. Against this background, we contribute a new analytical model to characterize session continuity and other service-level performance indicators in cases when the communication system is susceptible to sudden intermissions caused by emergency situations. © 2013 IEEE