Wissenschaftlicher Ansatz zum Entdecken von der Begabung zum Rugby bei 10- und 11jährigen Jungen

It has become apparent, since the dismantling of apartheid, that there is an urgent need especially among hitherto deprived groups of people, to develop talent in sport. The process of development and training of the young should be scientifically grounded. Departments of Physical Education can and should play an active role to ensure that such scientific individual development of Sporting talent takes place and is monitored regularly. A group of 173, ten and eleven year-old boys from a cross-section of the population was subjected to a battery of tests. The group consisted of youngsters who had never played rugby on the one hand (n = 110) and boys who played rugby (n = 63). The AAPHERD “Football Skills Test” was used together with relevant standardized motor-ability tests. The results of the tests were a) descriptively analyzed (x, sd) and b) analyzed by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significance differences (P<0,05). Group differences were determined by means of the Newman-Keuls-posthoc test. Results were compared to existing norm scales to substantiate strengths and weaknesses. It emerged that the deprived population groups have certain weaknesses to be addressed during talent development clinics. It also emerged, however, that these groups have the some potential as their more developed counterparts, given the same opportunities. Development programmes should be devised by experts to develop rugby talent and to monitor results. It is essential that research and organized rugby should co-operate to ensure professional development.Nach dem Auseinandernehmen von der Apartheid ist es klar geworden, dabei den bisher benachteiligten Menschen die Notwendigkeit besteht, das Talent für Sport zu entwickeln. Der Prozeß der Entwicklung und des Trainings bei Jugendlichen soll wissenschaftlich gegründet werden. Die Abteilungen für Sport können und sollen eine aktive Rolle übernehmen, um zu sichern, daß eine solche wissenschaftlich basierte Entwicklung der sportlichen Begabung geschieht, und daß sie kontrolliert wird. Die Gruppe von 173 10- und 11jdhrigen Jungen wurde der Testbatterie unterzogen. Diese Gruppe umfaßte einerseits diejenigen Jugendlichen, die kein Rugby gespielt haben (n=110), und andererseits diejenigen, die diesen Sport schon betrieben haben (n=63). Es wurde der AAPHERD "Football Skills Test" verwendet, zusammen mit relevanten standardisierten Tests der motorischen Fähigkeiten. Die Resultate wurden: a) deskriptorisch analysiert (x, sd) und b) analysiert mittels der Varianzanalyse (ANOVA), um die Signifikanzunterschiede (P< 0,05) festzustellen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen wurden mittels des Newman-Keuls-Posthoc-Tests festgestellt. Die Resultate wurden mit der existierenden Normenskala verglichen, um die Starken und Schwachen zu determinieren. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die benachteiligten Populationsgruppen bestimmte Schwächen hatten, mit denen man sich in der Begabungsentwicklung befassen Soll. Es hat sich auch gezeigt, daß diese Gruppe dasselbe Potential für Rugby hatte, wie die andere. Entwicklungsprogrammesollen von Experten entwickelt werden, mit dem Ziel, die Begabung zum Rugby zu entwickeln und die Resultate zu kontrollieren. Es ist wichtig, daß das wissenschaftliche und organisierte Rugby zusammenarbeiten, um die professionelle Entwicklung zu sichern

Teacher Upgrading through Distance Education in a South African Context

In 1994, after the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa, there were more than 85,000 teachers in the system who had no tertiary qualifications or were inadequately qualified. Most of these teachers lived in rural areas, and had no access to tertiary institutions. This situation required a unique approach to overcome the problems specific to the demographic and socio-economic circumstances of the country.The North-West University in South Africa took up the challenge and became involved in the huge task of upgrading the qualifications of these teachers by implementing a distance education programme. A flexi programme has been implemented by the establishment of thirty-two learning centres in locations throughout the country, which are accessible to these students. Full time lecturers and trained part time facilitators offer contact classes twice a month. Vacation schools provide additional learning opportunities. The recruitment and enrolment of students, distribution of study material and other administrative duties are supplied by supporting companies.Quality control for all these programmes is ensured by benchmarking against the programmes presented on the main campus i.e. B.Ed Hons., ACE and NPDE. Currently more than 17 000 teachers are enrolled in modules presented in the flexi mode and a passing rate of more than 70% attests to the success of the programme.</p

Effect of Cryogrinding on Chemical Stability of the Sparingly Water-Soluble Drug Furosemide

Purpose To investigate the effect of cryogrinding on chemical stability of the diuretic agent furosemide and its mixtures with selected excipients. Methods Furosemide was ground at liquid nitrogen temperature for 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Mixtures of furosemide-PVP and furosemide-inulin (1:1) were milled under cryogenic conditions. Materials were analyzed by XRD, UPLC, MS and NMR. Results Upon increasing the milling time, a significant build-up of an unidentified impurity 1, probably the main degradation product, was noticed. Cogrinding of furosemide with PVP and inulin worsened chemical stabilization of the pharmaceutical. The main degradation product formed upon cryomilling was subsequently identified as 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (CSA). Based on some theoretical considerations involving specific milling conditions, the milling intensity and an expected specific milling dose have been calculated. Results indicate that cryogenic grinding is capable to initiate mechanically induced decomposition of furosemide.Conclusions Cryogenic grinding can activate and accelerate not only structural changes (solid state amorphization) but also chemical decomposition of pharmaceuticals. A cryogenic milling device should be considered as a chemical reactor, where under favourable conditions chemical reactions could be mechanically initiated

Wissenschaftlicher Ansatz zum Entdecken von der Begabung zum Rugby bei 10- und 11jährigen Jungen

It has become apparent, since the dismantling of apartheid, that there is an urgent need especially among hitherto deprived groups of people, to develop talent in sport. The process of development and training of the young should be scientifically grounded. Departments of Physical Education can and should play an active role to ensure that such scientific individual development of Sporting talent takes place and is monitored regularly. A group of 173, ten and eleven year-old boys from a cross-section of the population was subjected to a battery of tests. The group consisted of youngsters who had never played rugby on the one hand (n = 110) and boys who played rugby (n = 63). The AAPHERD “Football Skills Test” was used together with relevant standardized motor-ability tests. The results of the tests were a) descriptively analyzed (x, sd) and b) analyzed by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significance differences (P<0,05). Group differences were determined by means of the Newman-Keuls-posthoc test. Results were compared to existing norm scales to substantiate strengths and weaknesses. It emerged that the deprived population groups have certain weaknesses to be addressed during talent development clinics. It also emerged, however, that these groups have the some potential as their more developed counterparts, given the same opportunities. Development programmes should be devised by experts to develop rugby talent and to monitor results. It is essential that research and organized rugby should co-operate to ensure professional development.Nach dem Auseinandernehmen von der Apartheid ist es klar geworden, dabei den bisher benachteiligten Menschen die Notwendigkeit besteht, das Talent für Sport zu entwickeln. Der Prozeß der Entwicklung und des Trainings bei Jugendlichen soll wissenschaftlich gegründet werden. Die Abteilungen für Sport können und sollen eine aktive Rolle übernehmen, um zu sichern, daß eine solche wissenschaftlich basierte Entwicklung der sportlichen Begabung geschieht, und daß sie kontrolliert wird. Die Gruppe von 173 10- und 11jdhrigen Jungen wurde der Testbatterie unterzogen. Diese Gruppe umfaßte einerseits diejenigen Jugendlichen, die kein Rugby gespielt haben (n=110), und andererseits diejenigen, die diesen Sport schon betrieben haben (n=63). Es wurde der AAPHERD "Football Skills Test" verwendet, zusammen mit relevanten standardisierten Tests der motorischen Fähigkeiten. Die Resultate wurden: a) deskriptorisch analysiert (x, sd) und b) analysiert mittels der Varianzanalyse (ANOVA), um die Signifikanzunterschiede (P< 0,05) festzustellen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen wurden mittels des Newman-Keuls-Posthoc-Tests festgestellt. Die Resultate wurden mit der existierenden Normenskala verglichen, um die Starken und Schwachen zu determinieren. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß die benachteiligten Populationsgruppen bestimmte Schwächen hatten, mit denen man sich in der Begabungsentwicklung befassen Soll. Es hat sich auch gezeigt, daß diese Gruppe dasselbe Potential für Rugby hatte, wie die andere. Entwicklungsprogrammesollen von Experten entwickelt werden, mit dem Ziel, die Begabung zum Rugby zu entwickeln und die Resultate zu kontrollieren. Es ist wichtig, daß das wissenschaftliche und organisierte Rugby zusammenarbeiten, um die professionelle Entwicklung zu sichern

Effect of Contact Class Attendance on the Academic Success of Open Distance Learning Students in Advanced Certificate in Education Programs

Abstract The article first explores open distance learning (ODL) as a delivery mode for professional teacher development programs in South Africa by comparing the ODL models of selected universities in developing, developed, and newly industrialized contexts. The article then reports on an empirical investigation conducted about the effect of contact class and vacation school attendance on the academic success of students (n=1310) who wrote examination papers (n=4931) for a variety of modules in four purposefully selected Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) programs at the School of Continuing Teacher Education (SCTE) of the North-West University in South Africa. Descriptive statistics show the majority of students did not attend any contact classes or vacation schools, while still performing academically above average. Computing Spearman&apos;s rank-order correlations (r), no practically significant correlations were found between contact class and vacation school attendance and the academic success of students. However, ANOVA analyses reveal that it was beneficial for students to rather attend three contact sessions, than two or no contact sessions

Phytoplankton of Lake Kivu

peer reviewedThis chapter reviews taxonomic composition, biomass, production and nutrient limitation of the phytoplankton of Lake Kivu. Present Lake Kivu phytoplankton is dominated by cyanobacteria – mainly Synechococcus spp. and thin filaments of Planktolyngbya limnetica – and by pennate diatoms, among which Nitzschia bacata and Fragilaria danica are dominant. Seasonal shifts occur, with cyanobacteria developing more in the rainy season, and the diatoms in the dry season. Other groups present are cryptophytes, chrysophytes, chlorophytes and dinoflagellates. According to a survey conducted in the period 2002–2008, the composition of the phytoplankton assemblage was quasi homogeneous among lake basins. The mean euphotic depth varied between 17 and 20 m, and the increase in the ratio between mixed layer depth and euphotic depth to about 2 in the dry season may have selected for diatoms and cryptophytes, which tended to present their maximal development in this season, when cyanobacteria slightly decreased. Mean chlorophyll a concentration was 2.16 mg m−3, and the mean daily primary production was 0.62 g C m−2 day−1 (range, 0.14–1.92), i.e. in the same range as in other large oligotrophic East African Rift lakes. Seston elemental ratios indicated a moderate P deficiency during the dry, mixed season and a severe P limitation during part of the rainy, stratified season; the C:N ratio indicated a moderate N limitation throughout the year. Nutrient addition assays pointed to a direct N limitation and co-limitation by P during rainy seasons and P or N limitation during dry seasons depending on the year. Thus, phytoplankton ecology in Lake Kivu does not differ from that of other Rift lakes, where seasonal variations result in a trade-off between low light with high nutrient supply and high light with low nutrient supply. Phytoplankton production in Lake Kivu is also similar to that of other Rift lakes, and nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth may occur as a result of variable availability of N and P, as in Lakes Tanganyika and Malawi, even though the extent of P limitation seems greater in Lake Kivu