Improved economic stimulation mechanism to reduce vehicle CO 2 emissions

One of the major problems associated with the negative environmental impact of vehicles is the significant level of CO 2 emissions. The increasing concentration in CO 2 in the atmosphere as a result of vehicle emissions is accompanied by both an increase in the consumption of petroleum fuels, which have limited resources, and global climate change. The aim of this work is to improve the mechanism of economic stimulation to reduce CO 2 emissions from vehicles through changes in the system of taxation of oil products. Analytic investigation by the authors and the systematization of the main methods of reducing vehicle CO 2 emissions have revealed the required government direction to improve the economic management of their implementation and the necessity for priority stimulation to produce and consume fuel that is more environmentally acceptable. One effective instrument for such stimulus is an improved method of taxing oil products through the introduction of a new tax which takes into account the level of CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion while also taking state measures to limit the growth in prices for gasoline and diesel fuel. The authors have found the dependence of vehicle CO 2 emissions on the qualitative characteristics of consumed fuel (gasoline and diesel) and have substantiated a methodological approach to the tax calculation. © 2013 WIT Press.WIT Transactions on the Built Environment;International Journal of Sustainable Development and Plannin

Density dependence of resonance broadening and shadowing effects in nuclear photoabsorption

Medium effects as a function of the mass number $A$ are studied in the total photonuclear cross section from the $\Delta$-resonance region up to the region where shadowing effects are known to exist. A consistent picture is obtained by simply assuming a density dependence of the different mechanisms of resonance broadening and shadowing. The $\Delta$-mass shift is found to increase with $A$.Comment: 7 pages, LaTeX, 2 figures available from the author

Feynman Diagrams and Differential Equations

We review in a pedagogical way the method of differential equations for the evaluation of D-dimensionally regulated Feynman integrals. After dealing with the general features of the technique, we discuss its application in the context of one- and two-loop corrections to the photon propagator in QED, by computing the Vacuum Polarization tensor exactly in D. Finally, we treat two cases of less trivial differential equations, respectively associated to a two-loop three-point, and a four-loop two-point integral. These two examples are the playgrounds for showing more technical aspects about: Laurent expansion of the differential equations in D (around D=4); the choice of the boundary conditions; and the link among differential and difference equations for Feynman integrals.Comment: invited review article from Int. J. Mod. Phys.

Managing the environmental adaptation of vehicle operations

The growing vehicle fleet, which is the largest consumer of the hydrocarbon fuels and the emitter of toxic substances and greenhouse gases, creates the serious environmental challenges that require an integrated approach to solve them. Simulation of the alternative scenarios for the traffic flows distribution allows evaluating the impact of various schemes of the road traffic organization and changes of the road infrastructure on the state of atmospheric air. It is necessary to consolidate the application of the legislative, economic and management mechanisms, orienting parties responsible for the negative consequences of the car operation to implement the optimal technological solutions. Possible economic incentives for the manufacturers of the vehicles, fuel producers, and the car owners are discussed, which enable to improve the environmental safety of the motor vehicles operation. The proposed model of an environmental fuel tax has been tested in the evaluating of the annual value of the possible additional tax revenues from a number of Russian refineries. The introduction of the proposed tax model can significantly reduce the negative consequences of vehicles operation. © 2017 WIT Press.Government Council on Grants, Russian FederationThe work was supported by the Act 211 of the Russian Federation Government, contract № 02.A03.21.0006