Thermoregulation of alpacas bred in Italy

The present study monitored daily and seasonal variations of rectal temperature in response to different environmental temperatures in alpacas bred in the Italian Apennines at 300 m a. s. l. In each season, the rectal temperature of 33 clinically healthy alpacas was measured three times/day (morning, midday, afternoon). Ambient temperatures were also recorded. Rectal temperatures ranged from a minimum value of 35.1 to a maximum of 39.4\ub0C, with a maximum daily thermal excursion (\u394Trec) of 3.2\ub0C. Temperatures increased throughout the day, with highly significant differences recorded in both young and adult animals between all the time bands (P<0.001). These differences were particularly dramatic for adults in summer, when the mean rectal temperature in the morning was 36.3\ub10.13\ub0C, probably as a consequence of recent shearing. Significant \u394Trec differences were recorded depending on the season in both young and adult animals (P<0.001), with the highest \u394Trec values recorded in summer (although the highest daily ambient excursion value was recorded in winter). In conclusion, similarly to alpacas bred in their natural environment, alpacas bred in Italy show a wide thermal neutrality zone, which is probably an adaptive response, that allows the animals to save energy. In the Italian Apennines, in order to prevent situations of hypothermia, with possible detrimental effects on alpacas' health and welfare, shearing should be carried out only in warm seasons