The use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in identifying the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in patients with compatible symptomatology

© 2019 The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in order to provide an innovative tool to identify patients with OSAS. A prospective nested case control design was adopted. A consecutive population of male volunteers referred to a Sleep Unit was subjected to nocturnal polysomnography, full lung function testing and maximal CPET. A stepwise linear discriminant function analysis (DFA) was applied to construct a model which could identify individuals with moderate-to-severe OSAS from healthy controls. The total of 30 volunteers formed the OSAS and 24 the non-OSAS groups. Demographic and somatometric parameters were similar between groups. Patients presented with lower Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV: 106.7 ± 28.3 vs. 123.9 ± 22.1, p < 0.001), Leg Fatigue Borg scale (3.9 ± 1.1 vs. 6.1 ± 1.4, p < 0.001), VO 2peak (25.0 ± 5.9 vs. 32.9 ± 7.2 ml/kg −1 /min −1 , p < 0.001), peak breathing frequency (31.0 ± 5.8 vs. 35.5 ± 7.3 1/min −1 , p < 0.001) and peak heart rate (151.1 ± 17.7 vs. 171.2 ± 12.6 beats/min −1 , p < 0.001) compared to controls, but higher peak end-tidal CO 2 (P ET CO 2peak :38.6 ± 4.2 vs. 35.0 ± 4.9 mmHg, p = 0.043) and peak systolic (SBP:188.3 ± 21.9 vs. 173.1 ± 17.9 mmHg, p = 0.009) and diastolic (DBP: 91.3 ± 8.2 vs. 85.4 ± 8.2 mmHg, p = 0.011) blood pressure. Stepwise DFA indicated that ERV % of predicted (0.372), P ET CO 2peak (−0.376), SpO 2resting (0.0667), Leg Fatigue Borg scale (0.564), HR peak (0.530) and DBP peak (−0.543) could separate the two groups, with an overall predictive accuracy of 96.3%. Selected CPET parameters (ERV % of predicted , P ET CO 2peak , SpO 2resting , HR peak , DBP peak and Leg Fatigue Borg Scale ) are independently associated with OSAS presence and could discriminate patients with and without this disorder.Published versio

Vinegar production from fruit concentrates: effect on volatile composition and antioxidant activity

Vinegar stands as a highly appreciated fermented food product due to several functional properties and multiple applications. This work focuses on vinegar production from fruit wines derived from fruit concentrates, to attain a food product with nutritional added value. Four fruit vinegars (orange, mango, cherry and banana), were produced and characterized, with total acidities of 5.3 ± 0.3% for orange, 5.6 ± 0.2% for mango, 4.9 ± 0.4% for cherry and 5.4 ± 0.4% for banana. Acetification showed impact on aroma volatiles, mainly related to oxidative reactions. Minor volatiles associated with varietal aroma were identified, monoterpenic alcohols in orange vinegar, esters in banana vinegar, C13-norisoprenoids in cherry vinegar and lactones in mango vinegar, indicating fruit vinegars differentiated sensory quality. Total antioxidant activity analysis by FRAP, revealed fruit vinegars potential to preserve and deliver fruit functional properties. Antioxidant activity of fruit vinegars, expressed as equivalents of Fe2SO4, was of 11.0 ± 1.67 mmol L1 for orange, 4.8 ± 0.5 mmol L1 for mango, 18.6 ± 2.33 mmol L1 for cherry and 3.7 ± 0.3 mmol L1 for banana. Therefore, fruit vinegars presented antioxidant activity close to the reported for the corresponding fruit, and between 8 and 40 folds higher than the one found in commercial cider vinegar, demonstrating the high functional potential of these novel vinegar products.Authors would like to acknowledge the financial funding of: FruitVinegarDRINK QREN Project (Ref. 23209), Project "BioInd-Biotechnology and Bioengineering for improved Industrial and Agro-Food processes, REF. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028" Co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2 - O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER and the FCT Strategic Project Pest OE/EQB/LA0023/2013. Authors would also like to acknowledge the participation of Mendes Goncalves S.A. and Frulact S.A. staff, for the active input, which led to the work basis and rationale.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio