51 research outputs found
Anomalous Dynamics of Translocation
We study the dynamics of the passage of a polymer through a membrane pore
(translocation), focusing on the scaling properties with the number of monomers
. The natural coordinate for translocation is the number of monomers on one
side of the hole at a given time. Commonly used models which assume Brownian
dynamics for this variable predict a mean (unforced) passage time that
scales as , even in the presence of an entropic barrier. However, the time
it takes for a free polymer to diffuse a distance of the order of its radius by
Rouse dynamics scales with an exponent larger than 2, and this should provide a
lower bound to the translocation time. To resolve this discrepancy, we perform
numerical simulations with Rouse dynamics for both phantom (in space dimensions
and 2), and self-avoiding (in ) chains. The results indicate that
for large , translocation times scale in the same manner as diffusion times,
but with a larger prefactor that depends on the size of the hole. Such scaling
implies anomalous dynamics for the translocation process. In particular, the
fluctuations in the monomer number at the hole are predicted to be
non-diffusive at short times, while the average pulling velocity of the polymer
in the presence of a chemical potential difference is predicted to depend on
.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures. Submitted to Physical Review
Anomalous Dynamics of Forced Translocation
We consider the passage of long polymers of length N through a hole in a
membrane. If the process is slow, it is in principle possible to focus on the
dynamics of the number of monomers s on one side of the membrane, assuming that
the two segments are in equilibrium. The dynamics of s(t) in such a limit would
be diffusive, with a mean translocation time scaling as N^2 in the absence of a
force, and proportional to N when a force is applied. We demonstrate that the
assumption of equilibrium must break down for sufficiently long polymers (more
easily when forced), and provide lower bounds for the translocation time by
comparison to unimpeded motion of the polymer. These lower bounds exceed the
time scales calculated on the basis of equilibrium, and point to anomalous
(sub-diffusive) character of translocation dynamics. This is explicitly
verified by numerical simulations of the unforced translocation of a
self-avoiding polymer. Forced translocation times are shown to strongly depend
on the method by which the force is applied. In particular, pulling the polymer
by the end leads to much longer times than when a chemical potential difference
is applied across the membrane. The bounds in these cases grow as N^2 and
N^{1+\nu}, respectively, where \nu is the exponent that relates the scaling of
the radius of gyration to N. Our simulations demonstrate that the actual
translocation times scale in the same manner as the bounds, although influenced
by strong finite size effects which persist even for the longest polymers that
we considered (N=512).Comment: 13 pages, RevTeX4, 16 eps figure
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Prognostic factors for nosocomial bacteraemia outcome: a prospective study in a Greek teaching hospital
Epidemiological and clinical features were studied as potential
prognostic factors for outcomes of bacteraemic patients in a tertiary
care teaching hospital in Greece. The prospective study was conducted
over 12 months and enrolled 153 consecutive hospital-acquired
bacteraemic episodes in 137 patients. The crude in-hospital mortality
rate was 27% (37/137). The mean lengths of stay and of antimicrobial
treatment were significantly longer for patients with a fatal outcome
than for survivors (P<0.0001 and P=0.001, respectively). Needs for
mechanical ventilation, urinary catheters and parenteral nutrition
before or during the onset of episodes were significantly associated
with fatalities [odds ratio (OR) = 5.54, 95% confidence intervals
(CI) 2.22-14.0, P<0.0001; OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.63-0.79, P=0.021; OR=5.03,
95% CI 1.88-13.95, P<0.0001, respectively]. Also, in logistic
regression analysis, mechanical ventilation (OR=5.5, 95% CI 1.2-7.9,
P=0.02) and parenteral nutrition (OR=8.8, 95% CI 3.8-11.4, P=0.003)
were independent predictors of mortality. No differences between
fatalities and survivors were found in sex, age, smoking habit,
intensive care unit hospitalization, need for a nasogastric catheter and
previous surgery. Neutropenia was associated with a fatal outcome
(OR=3.65, 95% Cl 1.24-10.91, P=0.006). None of the bacterial pathogens
were significantly associated with an adverse outcome, whereas
Staphylococcus aureus was recovered more frequently from survivors
(P=0.02). Fatalities were more often associated with an intravascular
catheter origin (P=0.002), whereas bacteraemias in survivors were
associated with a skin/soft tissue origin (P=0.02). Various prognostic
factors were associated with outcome in our bacteraemic population, and
can be employed to identify bacteraemic patients at risk of death and to
develop local strategies for its prevention. (c) 2005 The Hospital
Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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