A Leafhopper Pest of Plants in the Mint Family, Eupteryx decemnotata Rey (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), Ligurian Leafhopper, New to North America

The Ligurian leafhoppter, Eupteryx decemnotata Rey (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae), is reported for the first time in North America (USA: Florida and California). Diagnostic characters for species identification, summary of hosts and damage, and U.S. known distribution are given

War, peace and diplomacy in Graeco-Persian relations from the sixth to the fourth century BC

© Cambridge University Press 2008 and 2009. This chapter considers the evolution of Graeco-Persian diplomatic relations in the wider context of political relations between the Greek states and Achaemenid Persia. At first glance the history of Graeco-Persian relations looks like a clash between the free Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire, which ought to have resulted in the subjugation of the Greeks to a despotic Persian monarch. However, the unification of the Greeks in the Hellenic League in order to defend themselves prevented Persian expansion to the west, and after the initial period of the Persian Wars (499-479 bc) an uneasy peace developed, which was based on a balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean. It quickly became clear that the most effective way to maintain that balance of power after the failed Persian attempt to conquer the Greeks in the early fifth century bc was by diplomacy. Persian power was balanced by the rise of the hegemonial states of Greece (Athens, Sparta, Thebes and Macedon), which were continually involved in diplomatic relations with Persia during the fifth and fourth centuries bc. Although a long-standing enmity had been created, which the Greeks characterised as a clash between Hellenes of Europe and the ‘barbarians’ of Asia, and there were periods of open warfare between some of the Greek states and Persia, peaceful relations seem to have been preferable to both sides and numerous peace treaties were negotiated by the representatives of Greek states and the Persian king

Some notes on karanos in the Achaemenid Empire

The paper examines a question of karanos in the Achaemenid Empire. The prevailing view among those who write about the administrative system of the Achaemenid Empire and the military activities of Persian kings and satraps is that the word karanos designated a regional commander-in-chief of the Persian army. However the evidences having been considered in this paper show that the term karanos does not simply apply to a Persian regional commander-in-chief. Commanders of any rank could be called karanoi, and they were not equal in status: a karanos can be a regional commander, the commander of a campaignarmy and even the commander of a detachment within a royal army

Cyrus the great and the greeks of Asia minor: The diplomatic contacts

© Serials Publications.The actuality of this paper is due to the research of the diplomatic relations between West and East, which is currying out in the modern scholarship. The aim of the paper is to investigate the diplomatic relations between the Persian King Cyrus the Great and the Greeks. The paper is built up on the comparative analysis of the Greek narrative sources that enabled us to give a detailed consideration of the relations between Cyrus and the Greeks. The novelty is that no other works in the literature that consider this subject specially. The main problem of this paper is to clarify how Cyrus the Great did achieve his objectives in the foreign policy by means of a diplomacy, The analysis of the sources shows that Cyrus the Great used diplomacy only to threat to the Greeks. It is argued that this Persian King was deprived of any diplomatic flexibility. It is concluded that he preferred to discuss all the matters with the Greeks relying only to the military pressure. The results of this paper may be used for the investigation of the history of international relations and diplomacy, the history of the Persian Empire and Ancient Greece

Darius Versus Xerxem: The images of Darius I And Xerxes In Old-Persian texts and in the works of Aeschylus and Herodotus

© The Author(s) 2017. This article considers the development of the images of Persian Kings Darius I and Xerxes in Persia and Ancient Greece. The authors deal with self-representation of these monarchs in their inscriptions as well as perception of them in the ancient tradition represented by Aeschylus and Herodotus. They come to the conclusion that though Darius and Xerxes represented themselves as equals, they were perceived in ancient tradition as contrasting persons. It was most evident in Aeschylus' Persians who idealized Darius and represented Xerxes as the person mainly responsible for all misdeeds and failures of the Persians in their campaign against the Greeks. Herodotus contrasted Xerxes with Darius only on a few specific occasions, so the opposition between two Persian kings in his work is less evident than in Aeschylus' play. At the same time Herodotus' image of Xerxes is much more prejudiced and negative than that of Darius. However, there is a similarity in the representation of both Persian kings by Aeschylus and Herodotus: Darius is depicted as an administrator more than a warrior, Xerxes was a warrior par excellence

Neuronal Adaptations to Changes in the Social Dominance Status of Crayfish

The effect of superfused serotonin (5-HT; 50 mM) on the synaptic responses of the lateral giant (LG) interneuron in crayfish was found to depend on the social status of the animal. In socially isolated animals, 5-HT persistently increased the response of LG to sensory nerve shock. After social isolates were paired in a small cage, they fought and determined their dominant and subordinate status. After 12 d of pairing, 5-HT reversibly inhibited the response of LG in the social subordinate and reversibly increased the response of LG in the social dominant crayfish. The effect of 5-HT changed approximately linearly from response enhancement to inhibition in the new subordinate over the 12 d of pairing. If, after 12 d pairing, the subordinate was reisolated for 8 d, the response enhancement was restored. If the subordinate, instead, was paired with another subordinate and became dominant in this new pair, the inhibitory effect of 5-HT changed to an enhancing effect over the next 12 d of pairing. If, however, two dominant crayfish were paired and one became subordinate, the enhancing effect of 5-HT persisted in the new subordinate even after 38 d pairing. These different effects of serotonin result from the action of two or more molecular receptors for serotonin. A vertebrate 5-HT1 agonist had no effect on social isolates but reversibly inhibited the response of LG in both dominant and subordinate crayfish. The inhibitory effects of the agonist developed approximately linearly over the first 12 d of pairing. A vertebrate 5-HT2 agonist persistently increased the response of LG in isolate crayfish and reversibly increased the response of the cell in dominant and subordinate crayfish. Finally, although neurons that might mediate these effects of superfused 5-HT are unknown, one pair of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons appears to contact the LG axon and initial axon segment in each abdominal ganglion in its projection caudally from the thorax

A convergence of an implicit difference scheme for the saturated-unsaturated filtration consolidation problem

An implicit difference scheme for the problem of saturated-unsaturated filtration consolidation is considered and analyzed under the condition when a part of the boundary is semi-permeable. The penalty method is applied to establish the existence of a solution to the difference problem. The convergence of the difference scheme is studied under minimal assumptions on the smoothness of the original data: the convergence of the piecewise-constant extensions of the difference solution to the generalized solution of the problem is proved. © 2013 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

On solvability of a elliptic-parabolic problem of nonlinear filtration theory

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Existence of a strong solution of the initial-boundary value problem modeling the process of liquid filtration in an arbitrary bounded region Ω of space Rn is proven. For determining a generalized solution, the Kirchhoff transform is used, and it is assumed that the domain of the Kirchhoff function constitutes only a part of the real axis. For proving the existence theorem, the method of semidiscretization with respect to the variable t and the Galerkin method are used

On the solvability of the problem of saturated-unsaturated filtration consolidation

We prove the existence of a solution of the initial-boundary value problem modeling the process of liquid filtration in a viscoelastic medium in the case of semipermeability on part of the boundary. To determine the generalized solution, we use the Kirchhoff transform. We consider the case (most often used in applications) in which the range of the Kirchhoff function is only part of the real line. To prove the existence theorem, we use the method of the semidiscretization with respect to the variable t and the Galerkin method. © 2012 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Outcome probability versus magnitude: When waiting benefits one at the cost of the other

Citation: Young, M. E., Webb, T. L., Rung, J. M., & McCoy, A. W. (2014). Outcome Probability versus Magnitude: When Waiting Benefits One at the Cost of the Other. PLOS ONE, 9(6), e98996. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098996Using a continuous impulsivity and risk platform (CIRP) that was constructed using a video game engine, choice was assessed under conditions in which waiting produced a continuously increasing probability of an outcome with a continuously decreasing magnitude (Experiment 1) or a continuously increasing magnitude of an outcome with a continuously decreasing probability (Experiment 2). Performance in both experiments reflected a greater desire for a higher probability even though the corresponding wait times produced substantive decreases in overall performance. These tendencies are considered to principally reflect hyperbolic discounting of probability, power discounting of magnitude, and the mathematical consequences of different response rates. Behavior in the CIRP is compared and contrasted with that in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART)