Wage Discrimination and the Comparable Worth Theory in Perspective

Our article focuses primarily on one legal question: Does the wage discrimination theory, as sketched by Professor Blumrosen, fall within the remedial ambit of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act? Wage Discrimination\u27s factual contentions as to the existence and universality of wage discrimination deserve equally detailed analysis, but we leave that task to scholars of the pertinent disciplines, sociology and economics. We will deal with the factual contentions of Wage Discrimination only so far as necessary to challenge its central factual conclusion: that a demonstration of job separation should lead to a judicial inference of wage discrimination. This assertion is crucial to Professor Blumrosen\u27s argument because it is the basis for the proposal that incumbents of sex- or race-separated jobs are entitled, by virtue of their jobs alone, to higher wages. Because her social science evidence is unpersuasive and her legal analysis is unsound, we conclude that the courts and the Congress have been wise in refraining from attempts to impose the comparable worth theory on the American economy

Evidence for persistence of infectious agents in isolated human populations

Yale University. Departament of Epidemiology and Public Health. New Haven, Conn.Yale University. Departament of Epidemiology and Public Health. New Haven, Conn.Ministério da Saúde. Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Belém, PA, Brasil.Yale University. Departament of Epidemiology and Public Health. New Haven, CO, USA.State of New York Dept of Health. Albany, NY, USAYale University. Departament of Epidemiology and Public Health. New Haven, CO, USA.Yale University. Departament of Epidemiology and Public Health. New Haven, CO, USA.State of New York Dept of Health. Albany, NY, USA.The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. State Laboratory Institute. Departament of Public Health. Boston, MA, USA.Yale University. Departament of Epidemiology and Public Health. New Haven, CO, USA.NIAID - Pacific Research Station. Honolulu, Hawaii.More than 900 members of three Carib and four Kayapo Indian tribes, living on the periphery of the Amazon basin, have been studied for immunity to various viral, bacterial and protozoal agents. These tribes are isolated from the main Brazilian culture, and severaI had remained hostile and dependent on stone tools until less than 10 years prior to the study. The prevalence of antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, varicella and hepatitis B antigen was very high in every tribe studied. The age of acquisition of immunity was lower than in previously studied cosmopolitan communities. These agents seem to maintain a very stable relation with their host populations. Antibodies to measles, mumps, rubella, influenza Ao, A2 and B, parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3 and poliovirus 1 were nearly or totally absent from one or more tribes. When these antibodies were found in anyone who had not been outside the tribial area, they were usually found in nearly everyone over a specific age. These agents seem to maintain an unstable relation with their hosts, appearing only when introduced from the outside and then disappearing again. There was no evidence of smallpox in any tribe. Antibodies to the arboviruses (yellow fever viruses, Ilhéus, and Mayaro) were found with high frequency in certain areas. Prevalence of antibody to these viruses increased gradually with age, suggesting endemicitv of a different arder from that of the herpes group viruses. Antibody to Toxoplasma was absent from children but was frequently present in older adults. Antibody to treponema had a very high prevalence in the Kayapo tribes without evidence of pathology, suggesting that the parasite present in these communities was well adapted to its host. Malaria and tuberculosis, on the other hand, caused extensive and severe morbidity and threatened destruction of their host populations. Tetanus antibodies were virtually absent

Euthanasia tactics: patterns of injustice and outrage

Struggles over euthanasia can be examined in terms of tactics used by players on each side of the issue to reduce outrage from actions potentially perceived as unjust. From one perspective, the key injustice is euthanasia itself, especially when the person or relatives oppose death. From a different perspective, the key injustice is denial of euthanasia, seen as a person\u27s right to die. Five types of methods are commonly used to reduce outrage from something potentially seen as unjust: covering up the action; devaluing the target; reinterpreting the action, including using lying, minimising consequences, blaming others and benign framing; using official channels to give an appearance of justice; and using intimidation. Case studies considered include the Nazi T4 programme, euthanasia in contemporary jurisdictions in which it is legal, and censorship of Exit International by the Australian government. By examining euthanasia struggles for evidence of the five types of tactics, it is possible to judge whether one or both sides use tactics characteristic of perpetrators of injustice. This analysis provides a framework for examining tactics used in controversial health issues

Why no guidelines for behavior modification?

This paper reviews the guidelines for behavioral programs published by the National Association of Retarded Children. The review discusses a number of reasons why guidelines should not be enunciated for behavior modification, e.g., the procedures of behavior modification appear to be no more or less subject to abuse and no more or less in need of ethical regulation than intervention procedures derived from any other set of principles and called by other terms. The review recommends alternative methods for protecting the rights of clients who participate in behavioral programs. Specifically, behavioral clinicians, like other therapists, should be governed by the ethics codes of their professions; also, the ethics of all intervention programs should be evaluated in terms of a number of critical issues