Design of Electronic Differential System for an Electric Vehicle with Four Independently Controlled In-Wheel PMSM

In this study, a design of an Electronic Differential System (EDS) is presented for an Electric Vehicle (EV) with four independently controlled In-wheel Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IW-PMSMs). To decrease the weight of the EV and eliminate the mechanical losses, an EDS is preferred instead of conventional mechanical differentials. In the literature, an EDS is commonly designed for only one pair of wheels. Conversely, in this study, an EDS for the four wheels of the EV is modeled and designed. Firstly, the speeds of four wheels are calculated by using the Ackermann-Jeantand geometry via Codesys software. Then, a dynamic model of the EV including all vehicle dynamics is created by MATLAB/Simulink. In the system, all sensors and IW-PMSMs are communicated by Controller Area Network-Bus (CAN-Bus) which is commonly used in EVs due to its significant properties. Besides, a speed controller is designed to equal the EV speed taken from the real system to the reference speed. Finally, an experimental setup is established, and Codesys results are validated by both Simulink and experimental results. It is observed that safe driving of the EV with four IW-PMSMs is provided by the designed system

Effects of Housing System, Swimming Pool and Slaughter Age on Duck Performance, Carcass and Meat Characteristics

Onbasilar, Ebru/0000-0002-1321-0280; ERISIR, Zeki/0000-0003-0420-023X; OKSUZTEPE, Gulsum/0000-0003-3267-6841WOS: 000268160300037The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different housing systems, swimming pool and slaughter age on performance, carcass and meat characteristics of ducks. A total of 420 (212 male, 208 female) one day old ducklings (Star 52-Grimaud Freres) were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The ducklings were randomly divided into four treatment groups; two Intensive Systems (IS) (one without pool and the other with swimming pool) and two intensive systems with outside activity (IOS) (one with swimming pool and the other without pool). Each group included 105 (53 male and 52 female) ducklings. European Efficiency Factor (EEF), feed efficiency and livability rate were affected by the housing system, swimming pool and age. Housing system and slaughter age significantly affected the slaughter weight and cold carcass yield. Breast, legs and wings percentages were significantly affected by slaughter age. PH(24), cooking loss, ash, protein and lipid contents of leg muscle were significantly altered by age. PH(24), ash, protein and lipid contents increased while, the cooking loss decreased with age. Housing system had no effect on the carcass chemical composition. From the point of EEF the market age of Pekin ducks at 6 weeks is more beneficial due to the better feed efficiency, lower feed intake and lower feed cost. Open sided area and swimming pool enhanced the EEF.FUBAP (Management Office of Scientific Research Projects of Firat University)Firat University [1333]This study was partially supported with a grant by FUBAP (Management Office of Scientific Research Projects of Firat University) (Project No: 1333; Project coordinator: Dr. Z. Erisir). We are grateful to FUVEM (Research and Practice Directorship of Farm of Firat University) for their cooperation