De digitalisering van georganiseerde misdaad

The digitization and the massive use of the internet have drastically changed society over the past decades. Heavy and organized crime has not remained unaffected. Criminals can contact each other easily through the Internet and ICT in the broader sense while protecting their identity. In addition, providers and buyers of illegal goods and services can do business from behind their desk. Moreover, the range of potential victims of, for example, payment fraud has increased significantly and there are new possibilities for laundering criminal earnings. This digitization of heavy and organized crime is the theme of this issue of Justitiële verkenningen

Consistency across Repeated Eyewitness Interviews: Contrasting Police Detectives' Beliefs with Actual Eyewitness Performance

In the legal system, inconsistencies in eyewitness accounts are often used to discredit witnesses' credibility. This is at odds with research findings showing that witnesses frequently report reminiscent details (details previously unrecalled) at an accuracy rate that is nearly as high as for consistently recalled information. The present study sought to put the validity of beliefs about recall consistency to a test by directly comparing them with actual memory performance in two recall attempts. All participants watched a film of a staged theft. Subsequently, the memory group (N = 84) provided one statement immediately after the film (either with the Self-Administered Interview or free recall) and one after a one-week delay. The estimation group (N = 81) consisting of experienced police detectives estimated the recall performance of the memory group. The results showed that actual recall performance was consistently underestimated. Also, a sharp decline of memory performance between recall attempts was assumed by the estimation group whereas actual accuracy remained stable. While reminiscent details were almost as accurate as consistent details, they were estimated to be much less accurate than consistent information and as inaccurate as direct contradictions. The police detectives expressed a great concern that reminiscence was the result of suggestive external influences. In conclusion, it seems that experienced police detectives hold many implicit beliefs about recall consistency that do not correspond with actual recall performance. Recommendations for police trainings are provided. These aim at fostering a differentiated view on eyewitness performance and the inclusion of more comprehensive classes on human memory structure

RAPD-PCR typing of Yersinia enterocolitica (Enterobacteriaceae) O:3 serotype strains isolated from pigs and humans

Sixteen strains of Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3, isolated from apparently healthy pigs collected in Rio de Janeiro, and four human strains of serotypes O:4, O:5, O:6 and O:13 were analyzed by RAPD-PCR. The strains were grouped into five genotypic profiles according to the amplification patterns obtained with three random primers. Fifteen of the 16 pig strains had identical amplification patterns, which was named genotypic profile 1. The one different profile was named genotypic profile 2. Genotypic profile 1 was also exhibited by the O:6 human serotype strain. The O:4 and O:13 human serotype strains showed similar amplification profiles with two primers. However, the third primer induced a distinct profile in each strain. Therefore, these two strains were placed into genotypic profile 3 and 4, respectively. Each primer produced a completely different amplification profile in the O:5 human serotype strain; therefore, it was named genotypic profile 5. The presence or absence of plasmids in the strains studied did not affect the amplification results. These results show that genetic variations can exist within a serotype, and strains of different serotypes can exhibit the same amplification profile when compared using other primers.<br>Foram utilizados três "primers" aleatórios para caracterizar pela técnica RAPD-PCR 16 cepas de Yersinia enterocolitica do sorotipo O:3, isoladas de suínos sadios do Rio de Janeiro. Pelos resultados dos padrões de amplificação, as 16 cepas dos suínos e as 4 cepas humanas usadas como referência (sorotipos O:4, O:5, O:6 e O:13) foram agrupadas em 5 perfis genotípicos. Quinze cepas de suínos apresentaram um padrão de amplificação idêntico (perfil genotípico 1) e somente uma apresentou um perfil de amplificação diferente (perfil genotípico 2). O mesmo padrão de amplificação do perfil genotípico 1 foi também observado em uma cepa humana do sorotipo O:6. As cepas humanas dos sorotipos O:4 e O:13 exibiram perfis de amplificação semelhantes com 2 "primers", porém com o terceiro "primer" cada uma apresentou um perfil próprio. Essas duas cepas foram enquadradas, cada uma, em um tipo de perfil (perfis genotípicos 3 e 4, respectivamente). A cepa humana do sorotipo O:5 apresentou um perfil de amplificação com cada "primer" completamente diferente dos observados nas outras cepas (perfil genotípico 5). A presença ou ausência de plasmídios nas cepas estudadas não interferiu nos resultados das amplificações. Esses resultados mostram que dentro de um mesmo sorotipo podem existir modificações genéticas e que cepas de sorotipos diferentes apresentam o mesmo perfil de amplificação com alguns "primers", comprovando que o RAPD-PCR é uma ferramenta eficaz para reagrupamento de cepas e poderá ser útil em estudos epidemiológicos para rastreamento de uma cepa e assim acompanhar a disseminação de Y. enterocolitica

Alcohol intoxication impairs eyewitness memory and increases suggestibility: Two field studies

Two field studies tested the effect of alcohol intoxication on memory for a live interaction at immediate, delayed, and repeated testing. In Study 1 (N=86), one researcher presented bar tenants with (misleading) questions regarding a preceding interaction with another researcher. One week later, participants' memory was tested again. Study 2 (N=189) added a delayed-testing only condition. We hypothesized intoxication to impair memory and enhance suggestibility and explored whether time of testing affected the outcome on these variables. In Study 1, intoxication reduced completeness and increased suggestibility. In Study 2, intoxication reduced completeness and increased suggestibility in delayed-only and repeated testing, compared with immediate testing. Sober participants benefited from repeated testing in Study 2, but not Study 1. Findings lend support for consolidation and decay theory and suggest that immediate (intoxicated) testing is preferable over delayed-only testing. Findings provide little support for alcohol myopia theory.</p