Efeito do treinamento combinado sobre espessura médio intimal, gordura abdominal, marcadores inflamatórios e metabolicos em adolescentes com excesso de peso

Orientadora : Profa. Dra. Neiva LeiteTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física. Defesa: Curitiba, 20/02/2017Inclui referências : f. 138-187Resumo: O objetivo do estudo 1 foi avaliar as medidas antropométricas e suas associações com perfil metabólico, inflamatório, gordura abdominal e espessura médio intimal, assim como identificar qual é melhor preditora das alterações cardiometabolicas e da espessura médio intimal em adolescentes com excesso de peso(EP), enquanto que o estudo 2 verificouo efeito de 12 semanas de treinamento combinado (aeróbio + resistido) na espessura médio intimal (EMI), gordura abdominal, marcadores inflamatórios e metabólicos em adolescentes com excesso de peso de 13 a 17 anos. No estudo 1, aamostra foi composta por 99 indivíduos, dos quais 69 eramEP (30 meninos) e 30 eutróficos (15 meninos) para as comparações basaisde acordo com os pontos de corte para Indice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal(CA) e Razão Cintura Estatura (RCEst).No estudo 2, 50 indivíduos com EP foram alocados em grupo treino (n=22) e grupo controle (n=28). Avaliou-se MC, estatura, IMC, estágio puberal, CA, consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max),composição corporal por densitometria antes e após 12 semanas. Determinaram-se em jejum glicemia, insulinemia (INS), triacilglicerolemia (TAG), colesterol total (CT) e proteína c-reativa (PCR), leptina, resistina, fator de tumor de necrose alfa (TNFalfa), Interleucina 6 e 10, adiponectinemia na fase inicial e final. O Homeostasis Metabolic Assessment (HOMA-IR) e o Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) foram determinados, e classificados de acordo com os pontos de corte propostos por Leite (2005). Avaliou-se espessura médio intimal (EMI) de artéria carótida por ultrassonografia, sendo realizada na carótida comum, bilateralmente, três distâncias foram estabelecidas: EMI direta(EMID), EMI esquerda (EMIE) e EMI sendo a média das duas anteriores. A espessura de gordura abdominal subcutânea (GSUB) e visceral (GV) foram avaliadas por ultrassonografia. O treino combinado consistiu em 6 exercícios de resistência (3 series 6-10 rep), seguidos por 30 min de caminhada/corrida 50-80% do VO2max, totalizando 60 min/sessão, três vezes na semana. Realizou-se regressão linear com as variáveis IMC, CA e RCEstcomo preditoras e as demais variáveis como dependentes. Na fase inicial os grupos foram comparados por teste t de studentindependente ou U Mann Whitney, e divididos segundo a classificação de IMC, CA e RCEst. A ANOVA fatorial modelos mistos foi empregada para avaliar os efeitos do tempo e a interação grupo x tempo, com nível de significância para p<0,05. No estudo 1, identificou-se que aEMI foi maior nos meninos com EP comparados aos eutróficos, apenas quando a RCEst foi utilizada na divisão dos grupos, o que demonstra que o ajuste da adiposidade pela estatura possibilita discriminar melhor as diferenças na EMI nesta faixa etária. Na regressão, o IMC foi melhor preditor para a GSub, INS e para o QUICKI, enquanto a GV foi melhor predita pela RCEst. Para a EMId, a CA foi a melhor preditora. No estudo 2, após 12 semanas, em ambos os sexos, o grupo treino reduziu massa gorda e gordura de tronco, bem como aumentou massa magra, aptidão cardiorrespiratória, força muscular, QUICKI e reduziu HOMA-IR. As meninas reduziram também insulinemia. Nas meninas, o grupo que não realizou exercicio aumentou as concentrações de leptina após 12 semanas. Não houve alterações na EMI após 12 semanas de exercício. Conclui-se que o treinamento combinado foi efetivo para melhorar a composição corporal, resistência e sensibilidade à insulina, aptidão física, assim como preveniu o aumento nas concentrações de leptina, situação que ocorreu nas meninas que não realizaram exercício. No entanto, 12 semanas de exercício aeróbio associado a treinamento resistido realizados por 180 min/semnão foi efetivo para promover alterações na EMI, independente do sexo, entretanto, os adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentaram valores semelhantes aos eutróficos na fase inicial, o que pode explicar não alterarem com o exercício, visto que a função endotelial não apresentava comprometimento. Palavras chave:obesidade, inflamação, EMI, adolescente, exercício.Abstract: The objective of study 1 was to evaluate the anthropometric measures and their associations with metabolic, inflammatory, abdominal fat and intima media thickness (IMT), as well as to identify which is the best predictor of cardiometabolic changes and IMT in adolescents with overweight (OW), while study 2 verified the effect of 12 weeks of combined (aerobic + resistance) training on IMT, abdominal fat, inflammatory and metabolic markers in overweight adolescents from 13-17y. In study 1, the sample consisted of 99 individuals, of whom 69 were OW (30 boys) and 30 eutrophic (15 boys) for the baseline comparisons according to the cut-off points for Body Mass Index (BMI), abdominal circumference (WC) and Waist Height Ratio (WHtR). In study 2, 50 individuals with OW were allocated in training group (n=22) and control group (n=28). It was evaluated BM, height, BMI, pubertal stage, WC, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition by densitometry before and after 12 weeks. Glucose, insulin (INS), triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), c-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, resistin, alpha necrosis tumor factor (TNFalpha), Interleukin 6 and 10, adiponectin in the initial and final phases. The Homeostasis Metabolic Assessment (HOMA-IR) and the Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI) were determined, and classified according to the cutoff points proposed by Leite (2005). IMT was measured by intra-carotid artery by ultrasonography. Bilateral carotid artery was measured in the carotid artery and three distances were established: right IMT(IMTr), left IMT (IMTl) and IMT. The subcutaneous (SFAT) and visceral (VFAT) abdominal fat thickness were evaluated by ultrasonography. The combined training consisted of 6 resistance exercises (3 sets 6-10 rep), followed by 30 min of walking/running 50-80% of VO2max, totaling 60 min/session, three times a week. Linear regression was performed with the variables BMI, WC and WHtR as predictors and the other variables as dependent variables. In the initial phase the groups were compared by independent student t-test or U-Mann Whitney, and divided according to the classification of BMI, WC and WHtR. The ANOVA factorial mixed models were used to evaluate the effects of time and group x time interaction, with significance level for p <0.05. In study 1, it was identified that IMT was higher in boys with OW compared to eutrophic, only when the WHtR was used in the division of the groups, which shows that the adjustment of adiposity by stature makes it possible to better discriminate the differences in IMT in this age group. In the regression, BMI was the best predictor for SFAT, INS and QUICKI, while VFAT was better predicted for the WHtR. For IMTr, WC was the best predictor. In study 2, after 12 weeks in both sexes, the training group reduced fat mass and trunk fat, as well as increased lean mass, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, QUICKI and reduced HOMA-IR. Girls also reduced insulin. In girls, the non-exercise group increased leptin concentrations after 12 weeks. There were no changes in IMT after 12 weeks of exercise. It was concluded that combined training was effective in improving body composition, insulin resistance and sensitivity, physical fitness, as well as preventing the increase in leptin concentrations, a situation that occurred in girls who did not exercise. However, 12 weeks of aerobic exercise associated with resistance training performed for 180 min/wk was not effective to promote changes in EMI, regardless of sex, however, overweight adolescents presented similar values to eutrophic ones in the initial phase, which may explain why they did not change with exercise, since endothelial function did not present any impairment. Keywords:obesity, inflammation, IMT, adolescent, exercise

Temporal variation in the prevalence of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, in three Czech spiny-cheek crayfish populations

North American crayfish species are natural hosts of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci. The spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus, widespread in Central Europe, is the main reservoir of A. astaci in Czech Republic. We tested if there are temporal changes in the prevalence of infected individuals (i.e., the proportion of individuals in which the pathogen is detected) in spiny-cheek crayfish populations. Crayfish from three populations shown previously to be infected to different extents (high, intermediate and low), were repeatedly sampled in different years (2004–2010) and seasons. The presence of A. astaci in the soft abdominal crayfish cuticle was tested by specific amplification of the pathogen DNA. There was no substantial temporal variation in pathogen prevalence in the highly and very lowly infected populations. However, a significant long-term as well as seasonal decrease was found in the intermediately infected population. This decline could be related to a decrease in population density over the studied years, and to crayfish seasonal moulting, respectively. A reliable estimate of pathogen prevalence in American crayfish populations thus requires repeated monitoring over years, preferably during the same season before the main period of crayfish moulting

Temporal variation in the prevalence of the crayfish plague pathogen,

North American crayfish species are natural hosts of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci. The spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus, widespread in Central Europe, is the main reservoir of A. astaci in Czech Republic. We tested if there are temporal changes in the prevalence of infected individuals (i.e., the proportion of individuals in which the pathogen is detected) in spiny-cheek crayfish populations. Crayfish from three populations shown previously to be infected to different extents (high, intermediate and low), were repeatedly sampled in different years (2004–2010) and seasons. The presence of A. astaci in the soft abdominal crayfish cuticle was tested by specific amplification of the pathogen DNA. There was no substantial temporal variation in pathogen prevalence in the highly and very lowly infected populations. However, a significant long-term as well as seasonal decrease was found in the intermediately infected population. This decline could be related to a decrease in population density over the studied years, and to crayfish seasonal moulting, respectively. A reliable estimate of pathogen prevalence in American crayfish populations thus requires repeated monitoring over years, preferably during the same season before the main period of crayfish moulting

THE CRAYFISH PLAGUE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC - REVIEW OF RECENT SUSPECT CASES AND A PILOT DETECTION STUDY

There are only very limited reports about the occurrence of the crayfish plague in Czechia. In recent years, mass mortalities of Astacus spp. with symptoms of possible crayfish plague were noticed in three streams in the country two in Central Bohemia (1998-9) and one in Silesia (2004). Three dead individuals from the last outbreak were examined for the presence of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, by observation of the presence of hyphae in their cuticle and by a PCR-based diagnostic method. In all three cases the detection was positive. Although causes of mass mortalities from two other localities lack such a direct confirmation, the indirect evidence supports the same conclusion. The main potential vector of A. astaci in Czechia is the American spiny-cheeck crayfish Orconectes limosus, widespread in large rivers of the western part of the country and in various isolated standing waters. Using the same molecular method, we investigated the presence of A. astaci in living O. limosus individuals from six localities (three running and three standing waters). The analysis indicated the presence of the pathogen in animals from five out of six investigated Orconectes populations. One of them is present in the stream where two European Astacus species had gone extinct in 1998-9. Our results suggest that the crayfish plague is still present in Czechia, and that populations of O. limosus represent a reservoir for the crayfish plague pathogen, which directly endangers populations of the native crayfish

THE CRAYFISH PLAGUE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC - REVIEW OF RECENT SUSPECT CASES AND A PILOT DETECTION STUDY

There are only very limited reports about the occurrence of the crayfish plague in Czechia. In recent years, mass mortalities of Astacus spp. with symptoms of possible crayfish plague were noticed in three streams in the country two in Central Bohemia (1998-9) and one in Silesia (2004). Three dead individuals from the last outbreak were examined for the presence of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, by observation of the presence of hyphae in their cuticle and by a PCR-based diagnostic method. In all three cases the detection was positive. Although causes of mass mortalities from two other localities lack such a direct confirmation, the indirect evidence supports the same conclusion. The main potential vector of A. astaci in Czechia is the American spiny-cheeck crayfish Orconectes limosus, widespread in large rivers of the western part of the country and in various isolated standing waters. Using the same molecular method, we investigated the presence of A. astaci in living O. limosus individuals from six localities (three running and three standing waters). The analysis indicated the presence of the pathogen in animals from five out of six investigated Orconectes populations. One of them is present in the stream where two European Astacus species had gone extinct in 1998-9. Our results suggest that the crayfish plague is still present in Czechia, and that populations of O. limosus represent a reservoir for the crayfish plague pathogen, which directly endangers populations of the native crayfish

Status and recovery of indigenous crayfish populations after recent crayfish plague outbreaks in the Czech Republic

<div><p>The crayfish plague pathogen (<i>Aphanomyces astaci</i>) is one of the most important threats to indigenous European crayfish. Although it belongs among the most studied pathogens of invertebrates, only a few recent studies are available on the epidemiology of crayfish plague and its long-term effects on crayfish populations. We provide detailed data on 11 populations of European crayfish (<i>Astacus astacus</i>, <i>A. leptodactylus</i>, <i>Austropotamobius torrentium</i>) hit by crayfish plague in the Czech Republic between 1998 and 2011. We repeatedly surveyed the affected localities in the years following the disease outbreaks to investigate potential recovery of crayfish populations and to search for the likely sources of infection. Although the mortalities severely decimated all studied populations, European crayfish could be found in the watercourse catchments after the disease outbreaks in all but two cases. In five cases, migration barriers apparently supported crayfish survival; in two cases, the disease stopped spreading even without the presence of any barrier. Indigenous crayfish were recorded directly in the affected parts of five studied streams after some time but in most cases populations have not yet reached the original densities. Their recovery seems influenced by the population size in unaffected refuges as well as time since the outbreak. Sources of infection and transmission pathways of <i>A. astaci</i> apparently vary in the Czech Republic. <i>Aphanomyces astaci</i> of three genotype groups originating in different crayfish plague pathogen carriers were involved in the outbreaks. Direct transmission of <i>A. astaci</i> from invasive American crayfish present in the same stream is likely in three cases; however, these host crayfish were not recorded at the remaining localities, and long-range dispersal or other pathogen sources may be assumed. We hypothesize that chronic <i>A. astaci</i> infections leading to disease outbreaks under specific conditions may occur in some populations of indigenous crayfish in the Czech Republic.</p></div