The Effect of Dust Extinction on the Observed Properties of Galaxies in the Near-Infrared

Galaxies behind the Milky Way suffer size reduction and dimming due to their obscuration by dust in the disk of our Galaxy. The degree of obscuration is wavelength dependent. It decreases towards longer wavelengths. Compared to the optical, the Near InfraRed (NIR) $K_s$ band extinction is only $\approx10$ that of the $B$ band. This makes NIR surveys well suited for galaxy surveys close to the Galactic Plane where extinction is severe. While Galactic obscuration is less prominent in the NIR it is not negligible. In this paper we derive empirical relations to correct isophotal radii and magnitudes of galaxies observed in the NIR for foreground absorption. We simulate extinction in the $J$, $H$ and $K_s$ bands on 64 (unobscured) galaxies from the 2MASS Large Galaxy Atlas \citep{jarrett}. We propose two methods for the extinction correction, the first is optimized to provide the most accurate correction and the second provides a convenient statistical correction that works adequately in lower extinction regions. The optimized correction utilizes the galaxy surface brightness, either the disk central surface brightness, $\mu_0$, or the combined disk plus bulge central surface brightness, elliptical and disk/spiral Hubble types. A detailed comparison between the different methods and their accuracy is provided.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures and 8 tables. Accepted by the MNRAS: Accepted 2009 September 18. Received 2009 September 18; in original form 2009 July 1

Analysts’ Forecasts, the Abandonment Option and Intellectual Capital

The abandonment option under various capital budgeting models are discussed in this manuscript to bring forth the notion that present value of cash flows is often improperly estimated in the financial models utilized in the decision analytic process. In this study, Intellectual Property Rights and other intangible assets often are not considered in accounting estimation processes utilized in financial accounting. A decision maker often utilizes misestimates of the present value of cash flow resulting in less than optimum capital budgeting decisions. Decisions to abandon for salvage and other similar decisions improve when the present value of intangibles and property rights are included in the decision process. This last statement is the goal of this study and to present well founded processes to improve abandonment and similar decisions in capital budgeting decisions. The estimation problem in financial accounting is included in the analysis to accomplish this goal

Newly Revised Study of Daily Time Series Data Analysis of Market Prices

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the existence of time series characteristics of daily stock prices of securities marketed on organized exchanges. This study differs from previous studies where the focus was on index numbers of daily stock market prices rather than the actual prices of traded securities. Furthermore, this study is important because of the theory of market efficiency and its application to short term forecasting of closing prices of traded securities

The Waning Influence of the Pandemic on Decision Making

The notion that the present value of cash flows is often improperly estimated in financial models concerning capital improvements and abandonments is a fundamental problem in decision analysis in management and associated decisions and affects the estimation of and valuation of intellectual property. Previous studies indicate the usefulness of estimation theory in financial accounting. During the Covid Pandemic of the past few years, decisions by governmental and health authorities in the United States and the World were often dictated during the Pandemic by short-term political influences which included disinformation by some who wished to take advantage of the misuse of the health Pandemic for political gain and/or financial power and short-term financial gain. Previously this was shown to be true as the media with the aid of self promotional activities by many who were attempting this kind of gain. Furthermore, the Pandemic in the United States and other nations is receding in dramatic ways and many restrictions of the Endemic era are no longer in use. This was the result of Mask restrictions and increasing but not universal vaccine programs in many states and nations

Recalibrating the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) W4 Filter

We present a revised effective wavelength and photometric calibration for the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) W4 band, including tests of empirically motivated modifications to its pre-launch laboratory-measured relative system response curve. We derived these by comparing measured W4 photometry with photometry synthesised from spectra of galaxies and planetary nebulae. The difference between measured and synthesised photometry using the pre-launch laboratory-measured W4 relative system response can be as large as 0.3 mag for galaxies and 1 mag for planetary nebulae. We find the W4 effective wavelength should be revised upward by 3.3%, from 22.1 micron to 22.8 micron, and the W4 AB magnitude of Vega should be revised from m = 6.59 to m = 6.66. In an attempt to reproduce the observed W4 photometry, we tested three modifications to the pre-launch laboratory-measured W4 relative system response curve, all of which have an effective wavelength of 22.8 micron. Of the three relative system response curve models tested, a model that matches the laboratory-measured relative system response curve, but has the wavelengths increased by 3.3% (or 0.73 micron) achieves reasonable agreement between the measured and synthesised photometry.Comment: Accepted for publication in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 6 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Advances in the application of research in diagnostics, intensive care and medical treatments

We encourage the growth of operations research/ management science theory and methods in the field included in health and medical care for the purpose of continuously improving processes included in this field. By focusing on the growth on data analytics, statistics, applied mathematics, computer methods including machine learning of artificial intelligence, the future of health cared methods will change in a positive manner. The development of computerized methods to and the growth of data systems produced ample materials for artificial intelligence to develop and to bring physician assistance programs to enable better, quicker and more analytical programs to better health and medical care. This includes applications in intensive care as well as diagnostic therapies. We focus on examples in the use of the promising developments in the quality and continuous improvement in process control where there are great possibilities of change in both medical applications as well as improve the management of hospital and other medical facilities

Predicting Daily Stock Returns; A Lengthy Study of the Hong Kong and Japan Stock Exchanges

If stock markets are efficient then it should not be possible to predict stock returns, namely, no explanatory variable in a stock market regression model should be statistically significant. In this study, we find results indicating that daily effects exist in stock market returns. These daily or Calendar effects previously shown to exist by others clearly indicate the purpose of this study. Researchers often equate stock market efficiency with the non-predictability property of time series of stock returns. The purpose is to explore whether this line of argument is or is not satisfactory and does or does not aid in furthering our understanding of how markets operate. We focus on one definition of capital market efficiency and on the experience of these principles in analyzing the performance of the two large Asian Stock Market exchanges, which are Japan and Hong Kong. We observe that stock market returns (which include closing prices and dividends) are predictable and there are explanations for short-term predictability. Japan and Hong Kong were the focus of this study because of the maturity of their financial markets and the availability of clean data on these markets from a reputable and available resource. Furthermore, to reduce the influence of the Pandemic (2020-2022, the author studied a data base for a large number years prior to the era of the global Pandemic to reduce the argument that the era studed was a large enough sample and the influence of special variation associated variation associated with the unusual health period was reduce to nothing

Intellectual Property Valuation and Accounting

Reporting revenue from intellectual property is a problem of revenue recognition. Although current reporting standards may prescribe rules and regulations for such items as matching and revenue recognition or what is often referred to as the realization postulate in accounting. Financial reporting is the method by which accountants aid business in recognizing their accomplishments. Recognizing future performance is a goal by most reporting methods are merely designed to recognize past cash movement and equivalents as part of the history of a firm but also to evaluate present performance by traditional reporting methods? We evaluate these methods based on traditional accounting theory to facilitate the improvement in accounting methods. We define Intellectual Property (IP) as any product of intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others. These items include patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets are considered to be the products of intellectual property. To account for these items is a serious problem and is the main subject of this study