Rapid continuous microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles to achieve very high productivity and full yield: from mechanistic study to optimal fabrication strategy

Systematic studies of silver nanoparticle synthesis in a continuous-flow single-mode microwave reactor using polyol process were performed, revealing that the synthesis is exceptionally effective to give very small metal particles at full reaction yield and very high productivity. Inlet concentration of silver nitrate or silver acetate, applied as metal precursors, varied between 10 and 50 mM, and flow rates ranged from 0.635 to 2.5 dm3/h, to give 3–24 s reaction time. Owing to its much higher reactivity, silver acetate was shown to be far superior substrate for the synthesis of small (10–20 nm) spherical silver nanoparticles within a few seconds. Its restricted solubility in ethylene glycol, applied as the solvent and reducing agent, appeared to be vital for effective separation of the stage of particle growth from its nucleation to enable rapid synthesis of small particles in a highly loaded system. This was not possible to obtain using silver nitrate. All the observations could perfectly be explained by a classical LaMer–Dinegar model of NPs’ formation, but taking into account also nonisothermal character of the continuous-flow process and acetate dissolution in the reaction system. The performed studies indicate an optimal strategy for the high-yield fabrication of metal particles using polyol method

Combination of Flow Reactors with Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Smart Engineering Concept for Steering Synthetic Chemistry on the “Fast Lane”

Microreactor technology applied in continuous flow processing is an essential feature in making organic synthesis more economical and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, microwave-assisted chemistry is a key technique that has made a significant contribution to the thermal control of synthetic reactions in the early 90’s by speeding up reaction times from days to merely minutes. The combination of both techniques into the same synthetic platform sets the stage for changing forever the way synthetic chemistry is being conducted by providing fast, reliable and labor-free means of synthesizing chemical compounds. Flow reactors and microwave irradiation theory are analyzed separately in the first part, focusing mainly on the microwave heating and special microwave effects. The second part of this review summarizes several successful applications of microwave-assisted, continuous flow microreactor technology from recent synthetic organic chemistry literature; a snapshot of the state of the art of this technique is also shown at the end

Combination of Flow Reactors with Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: Smart Engineering Concept for Steering Synthetic Chemistry on the “Fast Lane”

Microreactor technology applied in continuous flow processing is an essential feature in making organic synthesis more economical and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, microwave-assisted chemistry is a key technique that has made a significant contribution to the thermal control of synthetic reactions in the early 90’s by speeding up reaction times from days to merely minutes. The combination of both techniques into the same synthetic platform sets the stage for changing forever the way synthetic chemistry is being conducted by providing fast, reliable and labor-free means of synthesizing chemical compounds. Flow reactors and microwave irradiation theory are analyzed separately in the first part, focusing mainly on the microwave heating and special microwave effects. The second part of this review summarizes several successful applications of microwave-assisted, continuous flow microreactor technology from recent synthetic organic chemistry literature; a snapshot of the state of the art of this technique is also shown at the end

Komani [Dalmace] (Albanie)

Déroulement de la campagne 2011 Les opérations de terrain sur le site de Komani (Dal- mace) ont été menées au cours de quatre semaines, du 3 août au 2 septembre 2011. À l'issue de la campagne de l'an dernier, nous avions prévu de concentrer nos efforts sur la fouille de trois composants du site : l'habitat (zone 1), la nécropole (zones 2 et 3) et le secteur de l'Église Saint-Georges (zone 3). Néanmoins, le prévisionnel des opérations, contrarié d'une part par des nécessités de sécurité et d'a..

Komani [Dalmace] (Albanie)

International audienc

Komani [Dalmace] (Albanie)

Déroulement de la campagne 2011 Les opérations de terrain sur le site de Komani (Dal- mace) ont été menées au cours de quatre semaines, du 3 août au 2 septembre 2011. À l'issue de la campagne de l'an dernier, nous avions prévu de concentrer nos efforts sur la fouille de trois composants du site : l'habitat (zone 1), la nécropole (zones 2 et 3) et le secteur de l'Église Saint-Georges (zone 3). Néanmoins, le prévisionnel des opérations, contrarié d'une part par des nécessités de sécurité et d'a..

Koman (Dalmacë) - 2012

Nallbani Etleva, Buchet Luc, Mathevot Ch., Metalla Elvana, Gjuraj Gj., Vatteoni Sophie, Julien M., Lehnebach Camille, Bregu B., Sokoli H., Tota U., Hasa E., Bitri Eduart, Margjoni D. Koman (Dalmacë) - 2012. In: Iliria, vol. 37, 2013. pp. 387-407