Microbial certification of the MER spacecraft

We conclude in this paper that a combination of Dry Heat Microbrial Reduction and control measures during complex mechanical assembly processes can result in a total spore bioburden that meets requirements

COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection Colloquium, Bern, Switzerland, September 2015 (Meeting Reports)

The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy describes requirements for different planetary protection categories depending on the type of mission, the target body and the type of scientific investigations [1]. Updating the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy is an iterative process that involves the scientific community. This process is based on new scientific discoveries, new understanding of scientific observations, or, responds to needs identified to prepare future space missions. In consultation with the COSPAR Scientific Commissions B (Space Studies of the Earth-Moon System, Planets, and Small Bodies of the Solar System) and F (Life Sciences as Related to Space), the COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection organised a colloquium at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland, in September 2015, to discuss two pertinent topics: - Icy moon sample return planetary protection requirements - Mars Special Regions planetary protection requirements These two topics were addressed in two separate sessions. The recommendations described in this report are based on discussions in the course of the colloquium and reflect a consensus of the colloquium attendees that participated in one or both separate sessions. Any opinions, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this report are those of the attendee(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organisations that provided support for their participation