Outcomes of an Evidence-Based, Data Driven-Model Fieldwork Experience for Occupational Therapy Students

Over the past decade, there has been an increased emphasis on evidence-based practice (EBP) and the use of outcome measurement in clinical practice, however, the implementation of evidence into practice remains challenging and irregular. During fieldwork, students often experience a disconnect between the emphasis on EBP in the classroom and lack of use in the clinic. Recognizing the need to develop high-quality, evidence-based and data-driven models of practice for student training, we partnered with local fieldwork educators to develop an innovative program that guides students and simultaneously trains fieldwork educators (FWE) in the use of a systematic data driven decision making (DDDM) process to infuse evidence into practice. Using a pre-post quasi-experimental design, we evaluated the impact of this program on students’ perceived knowledge and skills in use of EBP and DDDM. A focus group with participating fieldwork educators captured their knowledge and attitudes in the use of EBP and DDDM in their clinical sites. Eleven FWEs and twenty four students participated. Results revealed significant change in students’ knowledge and skill in use of EBP and DDDM. FWEs reported the program clarified the role of occupational therapy, enhanced communication, and validated the value of occupational therapy in their clinical site. This program serves as a model for training students to implement evidence and data driven approaches in clinical practice, thus bridging the gap between classroom and clinic

An examination of the response of East Asian lacquer films to changes in environmental conditions

This work addresses the material properties and behaviour of Japanese lacquers (urushi) coatings similar to those found on the Mazarin Chest, an important Japanese lacquerware artefact currently displayed in the Toshiba Gallery of Japanese Art at the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) in London. For almost four centuries, the Mazarin Chest has been displayed in uncontrolled environmental conditions and has been exposed to a range of lighting conditions. As a result, the Mazarin Chest has deteriorated and started to suffer from different kinds of damage. However, the optimal conservation approach to repairing this damage is not known and as a consequence, research on urushi and related materials is of great interest. For the first time, the effect of changing relative humidity (RH) on the response of urushi is investigated by examining the deflection of a glass substrate coated with a thin film of urushi. Phase shifting interferometry was employed to measure this deflection, from which the in-plane stress developed in the system due to the expansion mismatch in the bilayer was calculated. This was performed for aged (exposed to ultra-violet radiation) and non- aged urushi films. The film stress was observed over 66 hrs under 30%, 36% and 42% RH, while the stress response was observed over 7 hrs during exposure to 60%, 54% and 48% RH. During exposure to 30%, 36% and 42% RH and for both non-aged and aged urushi films, tensile in-plane stress was observed. It was seen to reach a peak value then relax over a longer time scale. The stresses develop in the non-aged urushi films were found to be higher than the stresses developed in the aged urushi films. The peak stress values for non-aged and aged urushi films were found to increase when increasing the difference between the storage RH (75%) and the target RH. When the non-aged and aged urushi films were subjected to a step change from low RH (30%, 36% and 42%) to high RH (60%, 54% and 48% RH), a compression inplane stress was observed and in this case, the aged urushi films exhibited higher stresses than those developed in non-aged urushi films. II To predict the behaviour of the urushi films, a simple 1D model of stress has been proposed. It shows reasonable agreement against the experimental stress measurements when the RH changes from 75% to 30%, 36% and 42% respectively, for both nonaged and aged urushi films. Furthermore, the model is extended to predict the stress response as a function of depth for non-aged urushi layers above an aged layer. For both the upper urushi layer (non-aged) and the lower urushi layer (aged), the model suggests that decreasing the layer depth results in an increase in the stress levels. In addition to the stress response measurements and in order to fully characterise the mechanics of urushi, mechanical properties were determined for non-aged and aged urushi films under different RH levels. These including the moisture diffusion coefficients, the elastic modulus, the tensile strength at break, the elongation at break, and the viscoelastic properties. The moisture diffusion coefficients were determined from the sorption and desorption curves when urushi films, non-aged and aged, subjected to step changes in RH. The results showed that the moisture diffusion coefficients were independent of the moisture content for non-aged and aged urushi. A strong dependence of the elastic modulus and the elongation at failure on the RH has been observed for non-aged and aged urushi films. At all strain rates used and as the RH increases, a significant reduction in tensile elastic modulus and an increase in the elongation at failure were observed. As a result of the UV ageing, no plastic deformation was observed in the stress-strain curves at any RH or tensile speeds. Creep recovery behaviours of non-aged and aged urushi under 30%, 50% and 75% RH and different stress levels were studied. The overall deformation levels at 75% RH for non-aged films were found to be higher than that at 30% RH and the aged films exhibited less stiffness. This trend reflects the strong influence of water, as a plasticizer, on urushi films. The variation of the elastic recovery with the applied stress and the RH for non-aged and aged urushi films were determined from the recovery behaviour. The results showed that the amount of elastic recovery at 30% RH for non-aged urushi was higher III than that for aged urushi films at all stress values. At 50% RH and 75% RH, the aged urushi films recovered to a greater degree than non-aged urushi films. The 4-element Burger‟s model was used for quantitative characterisation of the creep recovery curves to determine the viscoelastic properties for urushi films and their dependence on the RH and UV ageing. It was found that the RH has a strong effect on the viscoelastic properties for both non-aged and aged urushi films. A significant decrease in these parameters has been observed when the RH has been increased suggesting that the films tend to become soft as a result of the high mobility of the molecular chains under elevated RH. We have proposed a methodology to identify the effectiveness of the Japanese traditional consolidation processes that are used to consolidate the formation of microcracks on lacquerware surfaces. A rectangular aluminium substrate, covered with a thin film of aged urushi, was mechanically loaded using three point bending device and the in-plane urushi surface displacement profile was obtained through phase shifting digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). A comparison of the displacement profiles before and after creating a ‟v‟ notch along the film showed an anomalous profile around the notch. While after consolidate the notch, no anomaly in the displacement profiles were observed. The potential for DSPI to play a key role in investigating consolidation mechanics has been demonstrated with the detection of the surface displacement around a notch before and after consolidation

The effect of thin film coatings and nitriding on the mechanical properties and wear resistance of tool steel

The wear characteristics and mechanical properties of three different coatings deposited on different types of tool steel have been investigated. Four types of tool steels D2, D3, Vanadis 4 and Vanadis 10 were used as substrate materials. These materials were cut to the desired dimension 55mm x 25mm x 5mm and prepared for treatment and coating. The specimens were nitrided using gas nitriding, a case depth of 150 |im was achieved in all cases. Three types of coating TiC, TiN and AI2O3 were commercially deposited on the treated and untreated samples using the magnetron sputtering technique. A thin film coating of ~ 4|nm thickness was measured on each sample. The coatings were characterized in their thickness, hardness, adhesion and chemical composition. A wear test rig designed, constructed and commissioned at DCU was adapted for the wear tests. Wear characteristics of coated, nitrided, and prenitrided coated samples were investigated and compared to the uncoated samples characteristics. The microhardness of the surfaces coated and nitrided show an increase in hardness, with the highest hardness in the case of TiC coated Vanadis 10 samples. Wear test results show that titanium carbide coatings and nitriding treatment prove to have good wear resistance, on the other hand titanium nitride showed slight improve in wear resistance while alumina did not. Nitriding of the samples prior to the deposition of the coatings improved the wear resistance of the substrate materials particularly in the case of TiN and AI2O3 coatings. Adhesion evaluation of the coatings confirmed the observation of the wear and hardness. The substrate materials have a profound effect on the wear resistance and mechanical properties of the coated surfaces

A Data Model to Manage Data for Water Resources Systems Modeling

Current practices to identify, organize, analyze, and serve data to water resources systems models are typically model and dataset-specific. Data are stored in different formats, described with different vocabularies, and require manual, model-specific, and time-intensive manipulations to find, organize, compare, and then serve to models. This paper presents the Water Management Data Model (WaMDaM) implemented in a relational database. WaMDaM uses contextual metadata, controlled vocabularies, and supporting software tools to organize and store water management data from multiple sources and models and allow users to more easily interact with its database. Five use cases use thirteen datasets and models focused in the Bear River Watershed, United States to show how a user can identify, compare, and choose from multiple types of data, networks, and scenario elements then serve data to models. The database design is flexible and scalable to accommodate new datasets, models, and associated components, attributes, scenarios, and metadata

Promoting Environments that Measure Outcomes: Partnerships for Change

This paper describes the development of the PrEMO© (Promoting Environments that Measure Outcomes) program. PrEMO© is an innovative model promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) while developing capacity and quality of Level II fieldwork placements. The PrEMO© program is described from initiation to completion, including development of site-specific learning objectives, the twelve week schedule and the role of faculty mentorship. Occupational therapy (OT) students, and university OT program faculty including academic fieldwork coordinators, partner with fieldwork educators at the site to implement EBP using a data-driven decision making (DDDM) process to guide the development of evidence-based practices. PrEMO© appears to be a useful strategy for building Level II fieldwork capacity and enhancing student and fieldwork educators’ knowledge and skills about EBP and outcome measurement in routine OT practice