Analisis Efektivitas Biaya Seftriakson sebagai Antibiotik Profilaksis Pada Seksio Sesarea: Dosis Tunggal Versus Dosis Berulang

The provision of single-dose prophylactic antibiotics within 30 to 60 minutes before caesarean has been highly recommended, yet its implementation in hospitals varies considerably. This research aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics given a single dose versus multiple doses during caesarean section surgery. A retrospective observational study with a crosssectional design involved pregnant women undergoing caesarean section and receiving a ceftriaxone single dose before surgery (Group 1) versus those receiving multiple ceftriaxone doses (Group 2). The study calculated direct medical costs (hospital perspective), with surgical site infection (SSI) as the effectiveness parameter. The chi-square test was used to compare SSI between the two groups. There were 806 patients (group 1) and A total of 250 patients (Group 2) met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of total cost revealed no significant difference between both groups (approximately IDR 13,000,000/patient), yet patients receiving prolonged Ceftriaxone were associated with significantly higher antibiotic costs (p-0.000). The study documented 1.2% SSI in Group 1 and 0.8% in Group 2 (p=0.742). Calculation of the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio found that an extra IDR 3,278,000 was needed to provide additional success to prevent SSI by administering multiple doses of ceftriaxone. In conclusion, a single dose prophylactic antibiotic provides comparable efficacy to a multiple-dose regimen, but at a lower cost.Panduan klinik merekomendasikan antibiotik profilaksis dosis tunggal 30-60 menit sebelum bedah sesar, tetapi praktek di rumah sakit menunjukkan deviasi dalam implementasinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas biaya penggunaan antibiotik profilaksis dosis tunggal versus dosis berulang pada bedah sesar. Penelitian retrospektif observasional dengan desain potong lintang melibatkan subyek penelitian wanita hamil yang menjalani bedah sesar yang menerima seftriakson dosis tunggal sebelum pembedahan (kelompok 1) ataupun yang mendapatkan seftriakson sebelum pembedahan dan diperpanjang selama perawatan (kelompok 2). Biaya yang digunakan adalah biaya medis langsung perspektif rumah sakit dan parameter efektivitas kejadian infeksi daerah operasi (IDO). Uji Chi-Square digunakan untuk membandingkan IDO antara kedua kelompok. Sejumlah 806 pasien (kelompok 1) dan 250 pasien (kelompok 2) memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis biaya total tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (sekitar Rp 13.000.000/pasien) antara kedua kelompok, tetapi analisis komponen biaya menunjukkan biaya antibiotik pasien dengan dosis berulang signifikan lebih mahal (p=0,000). Pada kelompok 1 terjadi IDO 1,2% dan 0,8% pada kelompok 2 (p=0,742). Perhitungan rasio inkremental efektivitas biaya menunjukkan dibutuhkan tambahan biaya Rp 3.278.000 untuk setiap IDO yang dapat dihindari menggunakan seftriakson profilaksis dosis berulang. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan pemberian antibiotik profilaksis dosis tunggal sebelum bedah sesar menunjukkan efektivitas biaya yang sebanding dibandingkan antibiotik profilaksis dosis berulang

Does pre-pregnancy BMI determine blood pressure during pregnancy? : A prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate if pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) determines blood pressure throughout pregnancy and to explore the role of gestational weight gain in this association. In addition, the effects of pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain on the occurrence of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia were investigated. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Maternal and child health primary care referral centre, Jakarta, Indonesia. POPULATION AND MEASUREMENTS: 2252 pregnant women visiting Budi Kemuliaan Hospital and its branch for regular antenatal care visits from July 2012 to April 2015. Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m(2)) was based on self-reported pre-pregnancy weight and measured height at first visit. Gestational weight gain was calculated as weight at the day of delivery minus the pre-pregnancy weight. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured during pregnancy at every visit. Linear mixed models were used to analyse this relation with repeated blood pressure measures as the outcome and pre-pregnancy BMI as the predictor. When looking at gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia as outcomes, (multiple) logistic regression was used in the analysis. RESULTS: Independent of pre-pregnancy BMI, SBP and DBP increased by 0.99 mm Hg/month and 0.46 mm Hg/month, respectively. Higher pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with higher pregnancy SBP (0.25 mm Hg/kg/m(2); 95% CI 0.17 to 0.34; p<0.01) and DBP (0.18 mm Hg/kg/m(2); 0.13 to 0.24; p<0.01) in adjusted analysis. Every 1 kg/m(2) higher pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with 6% and 9% higher odds for gestational hypertension (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.06; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.09; p<0.01) and pre-eclampsia (aOR 1.09; 1.04 to 1.14; p<0.01). Accounting for gestational weight gain did not attenuate these associations. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-pregnancy BMI determines the level, but not the change, of blood pressure in pregnancy and is linked to higher odds for gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, independent of gestational weight gain

Predictors of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy

Although the health effects of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy are still unclear, it is important to identify the predictors and motivational factors involved in women's decision to observe the fast. We investigated these factors in a cross sectional study of 187 pregnant Muslim women who attended antenatal care visits in the Budi Kemuliaan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. The odds of adherence to fasting were reduced by 4% for every week increase in gestational age during Ramadan [odds ratio (OR) 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92, 1.00; p=0.06] and increased by 10% for every one unit increase of women's prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.99, 1.23; p=0.08). Nonparticipation was associated with opposition from husbands (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.14, 0.82; p=0.02) and with women's fear of possible adverse effects of fasting on their own or the baby's health (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.22, 1.01; p=0.05 and OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.21, 0.89; p=0.02, respectively), although they were attenuated in multivariable analysis. Neither age, income, education, employment, parity, experience of morning sickness, nor fasting during pregnancy outside of Ramadan determined fasting during pregnancy. Linear regression analysis within women who fasted showed that the number of days fasted were inversely associated with women's gestational age, fear of possible adverse effects of fasting on their own or the fetal health, and with opposition from husbands. In conclusion, earlier gestational age during Ramadan, husband's opinion and possibly higher prepregnancy BMI, influence women's adherence to Ramadan fasting during pregnancy. Fear of adverse health effects of Ramadan fasting is common in both fasting and non-fasting pregnant women

Hyperemesis gravidarum and placental dysfunction disorders

BACKGROUND: Evidence about the consequence of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) on pregnancy outcomes is still inconclusive. In this study, we evaluated if occurrence of hyperemesis gravidarum is associated with placental dysfunction disorders and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a maternal and child health primary care referral center, Budi Kemuliaan Hospital and its branch, in Jakarta, Indonesia. 2252 pregnant women visiting the hospital for regular antenatal care visits from July 2012 until October 2014 were included at their first clinic visit. For women without, with mild and with severe hyperemesis, placental dysfunction disorders (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia (PE), stillbirth, miscarriage), neonatal outcomes (birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), Apgar score at 5 min, gestational age at delivery) and placental outcomes (placental weight and placental-weight-to-birth-weight ratio (PW/BW ratio)) were studied. RESULTS: Compared to newborns of women without hyperemesis, newborns of women with severe hyperemesis had a 172 g lower birth weight in adjusted analysis (95%CI -333.26; -10.18; p = 0.04). There were no statistically significant effects on placental dysfunction disorders or other neonatal outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that hyperemesis gravidarum does not seem to induce placental dysfunction disorders, but does, if severe lead to lower birth weight

Ramadan during pregnancy and birth weight of newborns

P= 0·44), although there was a non-significant trend towards lower birth weight with fasting in the second and third trimester. Women who fasted had significantly lower total energy, macronutrient and water intake as compared with women who did not. Women's intake was also lower during Ramadan (regardless of their fasting behaviour) as compared with 1 month later. Lifestyle changes that occur with Ramadan and fasting during pregnancy are associated with lower reported energy intake. We cannot conclude on the effect of fasting on birth weight due to low statistical powe

Does body mass index early in pregnancy influence the risk of maternal anaemia? : An observational study in Indonesian and Ghanaian women

Anaemia is common among pregnant women, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While body mass index (BMI) relates to many risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy, little is known about the direct relation with anaemia itself. This is particularly relevant in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and the associated adverse outcomes is among the highest worldwide. This study aimed to assess the association between early pregnancy BMI and anaemia at first antenatal care visit in Indonesian and Ghanaian women. In addition, the associations between early pregnancy anaemia and adverse birth outcomes was assessed

BReastfeeding Attitude and Volume Optimization (BRAVO) trial : Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: A growing body of evidence shows the short-term benefits of breastfeeding, which include protection against infections, allergies, and lung diseases. However, evidence on the long-term benefits of breastfeeding is scarce and often conflicting. The BReastfeeding Attitude and Volume Optimization (BRAVO) trial is designed to study the effect of breastfeeding on early signs of later chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic risks later in life. In addition, the effectiveness of breastfeeding empowerment in promoting breastfeeding will also be evaluated. Methods/design: This study is an ongoing randomized trial in Jakarta, Indonesia, that began in July 2012. Pregnant women are being screened for their breastfeeding plan in the third trimester, and those with low intention to breastfeed are randomly allocated to either receiving an add-on breastfeeding-optimization program or usual care. Primary outcomes include breastfeeding rate, lung function, and blood pressure during the first year of life and vascular/cardiac characteristics, which will be measured at the age of 4 to 5 years. Child growth and infection/illness episodes are measured, whereas cognitive testing is planned for the children at 5 years of age. Discussion: To date, 784 women (80 %) have been randomized of the 1,000 planned, with satisfactory completeness of the 1-year follow up (90.1 %). Included mothers are of lower socioeconomic status and more often have blue-collar jobs, similar to what was observed in the pilot study

Does body mass index early in pregnancy influence the risk of maternal anaemia? An observational study in Indonesian and Ghanaian women

Abstract Background Anaemia is common among pregnant women, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While body mass index (BMI) relates to many risk factors for anaemia in pregnancy, little is known about the direct relation with anaemia itself. This is particularly relevant in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and the associated adverse outcomes is among the highest worldwide. This study aimed to assess the association between early pregnancy BMI and anaemia at first antenatal care visit in Indonesian and Ghanaian women. In addition, the associations between early pregnancy anaemia and adverse birth outcomes was assessed. Methods Prospective cohort studies of women in early pregnancy were conducted in Jakarta, Indonesia (n = 433) and in Accra, Ghana (n = 946), between 2012 and 2014. Linear regression analysis was used to assess relations between early pregnancy BMI and pregnancy haemoglobin levels at booking. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess associations between early pregnancy anaemia as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and a composite of adverse birth outcomes including stillbirth, low birth weight and preterm birth. Results Indonesian women had lower BMI than Ghanaian women (23.0 vs 25.4 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and higher mean haemoglobin levels (12.4 vs 11.1 g/dL, p < 0.001), corresponding to anaemia prevalence of 10 and 44%, respectively. Higher early pregnancy BMI was associated with higher haemoglobin levels in Indonesian (0.054 g/dL/kg/m2, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.08, p < 0.001) and Ghanaian women (0.044 g/dL/kg/m2, 0.02 to 0.07, p < 0.001). Accordingly, risk for anaemia decreased with higher early pregnancy BMI for Indonesians (adjusted OR 0.88, 0.81 to 0.97, p = 0.01) and Ghanaians (adjusted OR 0.95, 0.92 to 0.98, p < 0.001). No association between anaemia and the composite of adverse birth outcomes was observed. Conclusion Higher BMI in early pregnancy is associated with higher haemoglobin levels at antenatal booking and with a reduced risk of anaemia in Indonesian and Ghanaian women

Additional file 1: of Does body mass index early in pregnancy influence the risk of maternal anaemia? An observational study in Indonesian and Ghanaian women

Table S1. Missing values upon baseline characteristics of the study populations. The supplementary table shows the incidence of missing data for each baseline characteristic. (XLSX 8 kb