Pengaruh Zat Besi dan Seng terhadap Perkembangan Balita serta Implementasinya

Angka kejadian gangguan perkembangan balita di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Gangguan perkembangan pada balita, terutama pada 1000 hari pertama kehidupan dapat menurunkan produktivitas anak tersebut sampai dewasa. Akibatnya, kemampuan belajar tahap pendidikan selanjutnya tidak tercapai secara optimal dan berkaitan dengan penghasilan di masa depan. Beberapa faktor dapat memengaruhi perkembangan balita, diantaranya adalah defisiensi seng dan zat besi. Defisiensi zat besi dapat menyebabkan hipomyelinasi, gangguan pertumbuhan, diferensiasi, dan elektrofisiologi neuron, serta perubahan regulasi neurotransmiter di otak. Seng berperan dalam neurotransmiter di area neuron presinaptik dan postsinaptik serta berperan dalam neurogenesis, maturasi dan migrasi neuron dan pembentukan sinapsis otak. Defisiensi kedua mineral ini akan menyebabkan perkembangan balita terganggu atau tidak optimal. Guna mencegah anemia, WHO merekomendasikan pemberian suplementasi zat besi setiap hari selama 3 bulan berturut-turut setiap tahun untuk anak 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun.  Pemberian seng rutin untuk balita sampai saat ini belum menjadi rekomendasi dari WHO. Rekomendasi yang telah dikeluarkan terkait seng masih terbatas pada pemberian seng sebagai terapi tambahan pada anak dengan diare

Prevalensi Malnutrisi Balita di Desa Karimunting, Kec. Sungai Raya, Kab. Bengkayang, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat: Malnutrition Prevalence of Toddler in Karimunting Village, Sungai Raya District, Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan Province

Indonesian children are still experiencing a double burden of malnutrition, both in undernutrition and overnutrition. Based on study, there is an intergenerational effect, such as short condition of parents as a child will affect the next generation’s growth and development and will increase the risk of cognitive delay. This result of this study is expected to help and become a reference for local and national governments in order to manage strategies for handling malnutrition and to achieve national health resilience. This research is descriptive cross-sectional study with total sampling. The study used secondary data of 322 children under 5 years old from  Sungai Raya District Health Center from July-August 2021, originating from 7 unit health centre (posyandu). The data obtained in the form of age, body weight (BW), body length (BL)/height (BH) and classified according to the WHO curve (W/Age, BH/age, BW/BH) then calculate the Z score. The result showed that children under 5 yo in short and very short stature children were 13% and 19%. Children with overweight and obesity based on BW/BH in this study were 7 % and 5 %. In conclusion, there was a double burden malnutrition which exceeds the national average

Status Gizi Mahasiswa Universitas Pertahanan Republik Indonesia Program S1 Angkatan 1: Nutritional Status of Indonesia Defense University’s Student S1 Program Batch 1

Indonesia is currently having a double burden of malnutrition (undernutrition and obesity). Nutritional status affects human health quality. In 2020, Indonesia Defense University launched a new undergraduate program to fulfill the needs of human resources in military and ministry of defense. Early detection of nutritional status is needed to determine so that malnutrition can be followed up. This research was conducted by using a cross sectional method with the 288 subjects. Measurement of nutritional status was done through examination of Body Mass Index (BMI) and body fat percentage by using a Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Result showed that based on BMI, 8% of all subjects were obese, 64.6% were in normal nutritional status, 20.1% were overweight, and 7.3% were undernourished. If classified by gender, 6.7% of male students were obese, 24.7% were overweight, 7.3% were underweight, and 61.2% were in normal nutritional status, while for female cadets, 10% were obese, 70% were normal, 12.7% were overweight, and 7.3% were underweight. Based on the percentage of body fat by using the BIA, it was found that 83.3% of subjects were normal and 16.7% of all subjects were obese. If classified by gender, 2.2% of male students and 40% of female students were obese. It can be concluded that the prevalence of obesity and underweight among all cadets according to BMI were relatively low, but the proportion of overweight and percent body fat among cadets were quite high

Consumption of fortified infant foods reduces dietary diversity but has a positive effect on subsequent growth in infants from Sumedang district, Indonesia

<div><p>Stunting and underweight among under-five children in Indonesia are common, raising public health concerns. Whether inappropriate complementary feeding (CF) practices compromise optimal growth during late infancy in Indonesia is uncertain. Therefore we characterized and evaluated CF practices in Indonesian infants and investigated their relationship with subsequent growth. We enrolled breastfed infants at 6 months of age (n = 230); and followed them at 9 (n = 202) and 12 months of age (n = 190). We collected socio-demographic and anthropometric data and two-day in-home weighed food records. Relations between WHO CF indicators, sentinel foods, and energy and micronutrient intakes at 9 months and growth at 12 months were explored using multiple linear regression. Stunting and underweight increased from 15.8% and 4.4% at 6 months to 22.6% and 10.5% at 12 months, respectively. Median intakes of calcium, iron, zinc, and riboflavin were below WHO recommendations. Infants consuming fortified infant foods (FIFs) at 9 months had diets with a lower dietary diversity (DD) score (2.3 vs.3.0), energy density, median energy (250 vs. 310 kcal/d) and protein (6.5 vs. 9.1 g/d) intake than non-consumers (p<0.01), despite higher intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamins A and C (p<0.001). Positive relations existed for 9-month consumption of iron-rich/iron fortified infant foods with length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) at 12 months (β = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.44; P = 0.04), and for fortified infant foods alone with both LAZ (β = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.48; P = 0.04) and weight-for-age Z-score (β = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.26; P = 0.02) at 12 months. The positive association of FIFs with subsequent growth may be attributed to their content of both powdered cow’s milk and multi-micronutrient fortificants. Nonetheless, mothers should not be encouraged to over-rely on FIFs as they reduce DD.</p></div

Median (IQR) of energy density, intakes of energy and nutrients of infants consuming and not consuming infant fortified foods at 9 months.

<p>Median (IQR) of energy density, intakes of energy and nutrients of infants consuming and not consuming infant fortified foods at 9 months.</p

Anthropometric characteristics of infants at 6, 9, and 12 months.

<p>Anthropometric characteristics of infants at 6, 9, and 12 months.</p

WHO complementary feeding indicators and sentinel food indicators at aged 9 months in relation to LAZ, WLZ, and WAZ-scores at 12 months.

<p>WHO complementary feeding indicators and sentinel food indicators at aged 9 months in relation to LAZ, WLZ, and WAZ-scores at 12 months.</p