4 research outputs found
Development of a Biorelevant, Material-Sparing Membrane Flux Test for Rapid Screening of Bioavailability-Enhancing Drug Product Formulations
Bioavailability-enhancing formulations
are often used to overcome
challenges of poor gastrointestinal solubility for drug substances
developed for oral administration. Conventional <i>in vitro</i> dissolution tests often do not properly compare such formulations
due to the many different drug species that may exist in solution.
To overcome these limitations, we have designed a practical <i>in vitro</i> membrane flux test, that requires minimal active
pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and is capable of rapidly screening
many drug product intermediates. This test can be used to quickly
compare performance of bioavailability-enhancing formulations with
fundamental knowledge of the rate-limiting step(s) to membrane flux.
Using this system, we demonstrate that the flux of amorphous itraconazole
(logD = 5.7) is limited by aqueous boundary layer (ABL) diffusion
and can be increased by adding drug-solubilizing micelles or drug-rich
colloids. Conversely, the flux of crystalline ketoconazole at pH 5
(logD = 2.2) is membrane-limited, and adding solubilizing micelles
does not increase flux. Under certain circumstances, the flux of ketoconazole
may also be limited by dissolution rate. These cases highlight how
a well-designed <i>in vitro</i> assay can provide critical
insight for oral formulation development. Knowing whether flux is
limited by membrane diffusion, ABL diffusion, or dissolution rate
can help drive formulation development decisions. It may also be useful
in predicting <i>in vivo</i> performance, dose linearity,
food effects, and regional-dependent flux along the length of the
gastrointestinal tract
Impact of Drug-Rich Colloids of Itraconazole and HPMCAS on Membrane Flux <i>in Vitro</i> and Oral Bioavailability in Rats
Improving
the oral absorption of compounds with low aqueous solubility
is a common challenge that often requires an enabling technology.
Frequently, oral absorption can be improved by formulating the compound
as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). Upon dissolution, an ASD can
reach a higher concentration of unbound drug than the crystalline
form, and often generates a large number of sub-micrometer, rapidly
dissolving drug-rich colloids. These drug-rich colloids have the potential
to decrease the diffusional resistance across the unstirred water
layer of the intestinal tract (UWL) by acting as rapidly diffusing
shuttles for unbound drug. In a prior study utilizing a membrane flux
assay, we demonstrated that, for itraconazole, increasing the concentration
of drug-rich colloids increased membrane flux <i>in vitro</i>. In this study, we evaluate spray-dried amorphous solid dispersions
(SDDs) of itraconazole with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate
succinate (HPMCAS) to study the impact of varying concentrations of
drug-rich colloids on the oral absorption of itraconazole in rats,
and to quantify their impact on <i>in vitro</i> flux as
a function of bile salt concentration. When Sporanox and itraconazole/AFFINISOL
High Productivity HPMCAS SDDs were dosed in rats, the maximum absorption
rate for each formulation rank-ordered with membrane flux <i>in vitro</i>. The relative maximum absorption rate <i>in
vivo</i> correlated well with the <i>in vitro</i> flux
measured in 2% SIF (26.8 mM bile acid concentration), a representative
bile acid concentration for rats. <i>In vitro</i> it was
found that as the bile salt concentration increases, the importance
of colloids for improving UWL permeability is diminished. We demonstrate
that drug-containing micelles and colloids both contribute to aqueous
boundary layer diffusion in proportion to their diffusion coefficient
and drug loading. These data suggest that, for compounds with very
low aqueous solubility and high epithelial permeability, designing
amorphous formulations that produce colloids on dissolution may be
a viable approach to improve oral bioavailability
Impact of Drug-Rich Colloids of Itraconazole and HPMCAS on Membrane Flux <i>in Vitro</i> and Oral Bioavailability in Rats
Improving
the oral absorption of compounds with low aqueous solubility
is a common challenge that often requires an enabling technology.
Frequently, oral absorption can be improved by formulating the compound
as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). Upon dissolution, an ASD can
reach a higher concentration of unbound drug than the crystalline
form, and often generates a large number of sub-micrometer, rapidly
dissolving drug-rich colloids. These drug-rich colloids have the potential
to decrease the diffusional resistance across the unstirred water
layer of the intestinal tract (UWL) by acting as rapidly diffusing
shuttles for unbound drug. In a prior study utilizing a membrane flux
assay, we demonstrated that, for itraconazole, increasing the concentration
of drug-rich colloids increased membrane flux <i>in vitro</i>. In this study, we evaluate spray-dried amorphous solid dispersions
(SDDs) of itraconazole with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate
succinate (HPMCAS) to study the impact of varying concentrations of
drug-rich colloids on the oral absorption of itraconazole in rats,
and to quantify their impact on <i>in vitro</i> flux as
a function of bile salt concentration. When Sporanox and itraconazole/AFFINISOL
High Productivity HPMCAS SDDs were dosed in rats, the maximum absorption
rate for each formulation rank-ordered with membrane flux <i>in vitro</i>. The relative maximum absorption rate <i>in
vivo</i> correlated well with the <i>in vitro</i> flux
measured in 2% SIF (26.8 mM bile acid concentration), a representative
bile acid concentration for rats. <i>In vitro</i> it was
found that as the bile salt concentration increases, the importance
of colloids for improving UWL permeability is diminished. We demonstrate
that drug-containing micelles and colloids both contribute to aqueous
boundary layer diffusion in proportion to their diffusion coefficient
and drug loading. These data suggest that, for compounds with very
low aqueous solubility and high epithelial permeability, designing
amorphous formulations that produce colloids on dissolution may be
a viable approach to improve oral bioavailability
Millisecond Self-Assembly of Stable Nanodispersed Drug Formulations
We report the development of a new
spray-drying and nanoparticle assembly process (SNAP) that enables
the formation of stable, yet rapidly dissolving, sub-200 nm nanocrystalline
particles within a high <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> glassy matrix.
SNAP expands the class of drugs that spray-dried dispersion (SDD)
processing can address to encompass highly crystalline, but modestly
hydrophobic, drugs that are difficult to process by conventional SDD.
The process integrates rapid precipitation and spray-drying within
a custom designed nozzle to produce high supersaturations and precipitation
of the drug and high <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> glassy polymer.
Keeping the time between precipitation and drying to tens of milliseconds
allows for kinetic trapping of drug nanocrystals in the polymer matrix.
Powder X-ray diffraction, solid state 2D NMR, and SEM imaging shows
that adding an amphiphilic block copolymer (BCP) to the solvent gives
essentially complete crystallization of the active pharmaceutical
ingredient (API) with sub-200 nm domains. In contrast, the absence
of the block copolymer results in the API being partially dispersed
in the matrix as an amorphous phase, which can be sensitive to changes
in bioavailability over time. Quantification of the API–excipient
interactions by 2D <sup>13</sup>C–<sup>1</sup>H NMR correlation
spectroscopy shows that the mechanism of enhanced nanocrystal formation
is not due to interactions between the drug and the BCP, but rather
the BCP masks interactions between the drug and hydrophobic regions
of the matrix polymers. BCP-facilitated SNAP samples show improved
stability during aging studies and rapid dissolution and release of
API <i>in vitro</i>