Kaplan-Meier plots of survival categorized by (A) response (B) tumor volume, (C) relative blood flow (rBF), (D) relative blood volume (rBV), and (E) permeability-surface area product (PS).

<p>For each imaging parameter, two response groups were identified based on whether the measured value was ≤ lower 50% confidence interval of variations across all treated animals derived from the between-subject variation on day 7 post-SRS. Those that met this criteria were ranked as “low” by applying this threshold, and the others were ranked as “high”. Animals with low rBF, rBV, and PS on day 7 post-SRS showed significantly longer survival than the rest of the treated animals (i.e. high rBF, rBV, and PS) and control animals. *Significantly different from control group. †Significantly different from the other treated animals with a “high” value. Significant at <i>P</i>≤0.02 level (log-rank test).</p

Boxplots of intact and fragmented α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive vessel densities in (A) peritumoral region and (B) tumor region for the control and SRS groups.

<p>Pairs with <i>P</i><0.01 are connected by black lines.</p

Changes in (A) relative blood flow (rBF), (B) relative blood volume (rBV), and (C) permeability-surface area product (PS) in the peritumoral region for controls, responders, and non-responders.

<p>*Significantly different from baseline (Friedman test and Wilcoxon-signed rank test). †Significantly different from controls (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney <i>U</i> test).</p

α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive vessels in the normal brain, peritumoral region, and tumor of a control and a treated animal after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).

<p>Intact α-SMA positive vessels were observed in control animals, but fragmented coverage of vessels by α-SMA is mostly seen in treated animals (red arrow).</p

Acute changes (± standard error) in CT perfusion parameters.

<p><i>Abbreviations</i>: SRS, stereotactic radiosurgery; rBF, relative blood flow; rBV, relative blood volume; PS, permeability-surface area product.</p><p>*Significantly change from baseline at <i>P</i>≤0.05 level.</p><p>**Significantly change from to baseline at <i>P</i>≤0.01 level.</p>#<p>Percent change significantly different than control animals at <i>P</i>≤0.05 level.</p>##<p>Percent change significantly different than control animals at <i>P</i>≤0.01 level.</p><p>Acute changes (± standard error) in CT perfusion parameters.</p

Summary of histological finding on Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) specimens.

<p><i>Abbreviations</i>: PPN, pseudopalisading necrosis; FN, fibrinoid necrosis; BN, background necrosis; EH, endothelial hyperplasia; HBV, hyalinized blood vessels.</p><p>Summary of histological finding on Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) specimens.</p