Point of Purchase Communication: Role of Information Search, Store Benefit and Shopping Involvement

Point of Purchase (PoP) is the place where a customer is about to buy the product. This is the crucial point where the exchange takes place. It offers us a last chance to remind or attract customers. In spite of a considerable expenditure on point of purchase material by companies, there is a lack of an established method of measuring the effectiveness of communication at the retail outlet. The current study is an attempt to define and measure the extent of usage of PoP by consumers while shopping. It explores the phenomenon with the help of an experimentation using two main variables; level of information search and store benefits sought. It uses shopping involvement as a mediating variable. During the course of study scales for usage of PoP communication and shopping involvement were developed. In-depth interviews were carried among shoppers to understand their motivations and gratifications with regard to shopping. The interview findings were used to develop scales, which were tested before being used during the experiment. The experiments involved building scenarios specific to shopping situations. Participant observations were carried out at stores with different formats. The study found that all the three variables were significant in terms of main as well as interaction effects. Based on the findings the authors suggest a framework for enhancing the effectiveness of PoP Communication.

Natural Non Toxic Green Inhibitors of Murraya Koenigii, Withania Somnifera and Glycyrrhiza Glabra Extracts for Mild Steel in 8% H2SO4

By  means of polarization measurements UV, IR and weight loss study, it has been detected that the extract of Murraya koenigii, Withania somnifera and Glycyrrhiza glabra leaves can act as corrosion inhibitor for the sake of mild steel in 8% H2SO4 solution. These plants show good inhibition efficiency at particular concentrations of the acid. It is observed that plants extract act as better inhibitor on increasing their concentration. Here we have focused on the corrosion inhibition action of different plant extracts in H2SO4 medium. Keywords: Murraya koenigii, Withania somnifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mild Steel, SEM.

Corrosion and Natural Corrosion Inhibitors: A Case Study for <em>C. microphyllus</em>

Worldwide, corrosion causes the value of the gross domestic product to decrease in industrialized countries by 4.26% and causes significant losses to industries including infrastructure. As a result, corrosion prevention and research related to it are extremely important. Some researchers are working to develop plant-based natural corrosion inhibitors, and experimental and computational studies are being conducted widely to prevent corrosion through cheap and environmental friendly coatings. A case study of Convolvulus microphyllus (C. microphyllus) extract was examined as eco-friendly for bio-corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 by using conventional weight loss, electrochemical polarization measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The compounds responsible for decreasing the rate of corrosion are kaempferol and phydroxycinnamic acid present in the extract. This inhibitor slows down the corrosion rate. Out of many observations, the best result 89.87% corrosion resistance efficiency was obtained at 600 mg/L of C. microphyllus as extract for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 by applying electrochemical and weight loss measurements. The presence of a heteroatom in the main component of C. microphyllus as extract is believed to be an excellent inhibitor. Theoretical research revealed an entirely important report about comparative inhibition effect of different phytochemicals

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an urban school of a developing country

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuro-psychiatric disorder in children. Hence, the prevalence of ADHD and its types in school children as a community based survey in an urban Indian region was assessed in this study.Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in an urban English medium school. Children studying in sixth to tenth standard were recruited for the study. DSM-IV based ADHD questionnaire was put forth to parents and teachers. Demographic details, information about their family and school environment were collected from students. Their performance in last year final examination in school was assessed from school records. Statistical analysis was carried out with either Fisher’s exact probability test or Chi-square test.Results: A total of 32/500 (6.4%) children have been diagnosed to have ADHD from the response from parents. Of the 32 ADHD children, 25 (78.1%) were boys and 7 (21.9%) were girls. A majority [22 (68.8%)] were of inattentive type, 2 (6.3%) were hyperactive and 8 (25%) had combined type of ADHD. An unfavourable family environment has been found to be significantly associated with ADHD (P < 0.001). A statistically significant difference (P<0.0001) in school performance was noted in children with ADHD. ADHD children were found to have unfavourable peer relationship more likely than non-ADHD children both in school [25/32 (78.1%)] and at home [16/32 (50%)].Conclusions: We found prevalence of ADHD to be 6.4% in an urban English medium school necessitating an early identification through mass screening programmes and directing appropriate interventions.

Point of Purchase Communication: Role of Information Search, Store Benefit and Shopping Involvement

Point of Purchase (PoP) is the place where a customer is about to buy the product. This is the crucial point where the exchange takes place. It offers us a last chance to remind or attract customers. In spite of a considerable expenditure on point of purchase material by companies, there is a lack of an established method of measuring the effectiveness of communication at the retail outlet. The current study is an attempt to define and measure the extent of usage of PoP by consumers while shopping. It explores the phenomenon with the help of an experimentation using two main variables; level of information search and store benefits sought. It uses shopping involvement as a mediating variable. During the course of study scales for usage of PoP communication and shopping involvement were developed. In-depth interviews were carried among shoppers to understand their motivations and gratifications with regard to shopping. The interview findings were used to develop scales, which were tested before being used during the experiment. The experiments involved building scenarios specific to shopping situations. Participant observations were carried out at stores with different formats. The study found that all the three variables were significant in terms of main as well as interaction effects. Based on the findings the authors suggest a framework for enhancing the effectiveness of PoP Communication. [W.P. No. 2009-11-07]Purxhase, Communication, Information, store benefit, shopping involvement

STUDY ON SILICIC-BORIC ACID COMBINATION AGAINST WOOD DECAYING FUNGI IN PLYWOOD

Plywood as engineered wood product is used for a number of structural and non structural application s for both interior and exterior uses. The exterior exposure creates the conditions for fungi and insects attack, which lead to the early failure of wood products. Preservative treatment is necessary for wood species to improve its resistance against biological agencies. In the present study boric acid, silicic acid and their different combinations i.e. 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 at 2, 3 and 4% concentrations were tested against wood decaying fungi (Trametes versicolor and Oligoporus placentus) in Poplar plywood through soil block test as per IS:4873 (2008). Boric acid has provided the best protection to plywood specimens against the tested fungi. The most effective combination which improved the plywood resistance to fungi was boric acid and silicic acid in 3:1 ratio. While silicic acid was found to be least effective. The efficacy of tested chemicals has improved by using higher concentrations of compounds

Decentralization in Nepal: Laws and Practices

This report analyses the legal framework for local governance in Nepal and how it is practiced in six districts. It focuses specifically on transfer of resources and delivery of services, how various groups participate in local planning, decision-making and implementation of projects and programmes, and relations between local governance institutions and the central government. This research forms part of a comparative study of the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Nepal on "˜Decentralization as a way of resolving conflict'. Tilknyttet prosjekt Decentralization as a strategy for resolving conflicts

Mandibular Third Molar Impaction among Patients Visiting Outpatient Dental Department of a Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction: Mandibular third molar impaction is the most common impaction as third molars are last to erupt at the age of 17-25 years. Despite its high prevalence and negative impacts, there is limited study about mandibular third molar impaction. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of mandibular third molar impaction among patients visiting the outpatient Dental Department of a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among patients visiting the Outpatient Dental Department of a tertiary care centre from 1 January 2023 to 30 June 2023. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee of the same institute. A total of 414 orthopantomograms were prospectively reviewed for the angulation of impaction, depth and position. The indication for extraction was recorded from patients’ cards during the time of extraction. Convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate at a 95% confidence interval was calculated. Results: The prevalence of mandibular third molar impaction was 37.13% (34.29-39.97, 95% Confidence Interval). There was a high prevalence of mesioangular 344 (45.38%) pattern followed by vertical 249 (32.85%) for mandibular third molar impaction, the most commonly involved group was 20-30 years, with female 247 (59.70%) predominance. Bilateral impaction 344 (83.10%) was more prevalent than unilateral. Depth A, 639 (84.3%), ramus relation level I, 602 (79.42%) was the most common level of impaction. Recurrent pericoronitis 160 (38.6%) was the common indication for extraction followed by dental caries 145 (35%). Conclusions: The prevalence of mandibular third molar impaction was lower than other similar studies done in similar settings