Prevalence studies of human T-Lymphotrophic virus type 1 among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Dutse metropolis, north-western Nigeria

Human T-lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a causative agent of tropic spastic paraparesis and adult Tcell leukaemia, Information regarding the involvement of HTLV-1 in presentation of some subclinical immune  suppression that may results in increased rate of HIV and TB infections has long been documented. Sixty (60) Confirmed Pulmonary TB subjects  consisting of 41 males and 19 females were recruited in this study,  Tuberculosis was confirmed by collecting their sputum samples and analysed using GeneXpert. The prevalence of HTLV-1 IgG antibodies among TB subjects was 6.6%, while that of IgM was 1.6%. Accordingly, sexually active couple  group has the highest prevalence of 2.3% when compared to single and widow categories, age group 15-24 has the highest percentage of 3.3% for HTLV-1 IgG antibodies.Key words: HTLV-1, Tuberculosis, IgG, IgM

Studies on Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with pulmonary infection among HIV clients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)

Respiratory infection is highly prevalent in HIV-infected patients and S. pneumoniae was a leading cause. The aim   of this study was to isolate and identify Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with pulmonary infection among HIV Clients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH). A total of 300 samples comprising   sample from 180 HIV seropositive patients and 120 HIV seronegative patients as a (control) were enrolled in this study.) For the 180 HIV seropositive patients, 105(58.3%) were females, and 75(41.7%) were males. Among the HIV negative subjects 64(53.3%) were males and 56(46.7%) were females. The incident of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates associated with pneumonia in HIV/AIDS seropositive patients  in relation to age group in this  study showed the higher  prevalence of 15(51.72%),  among the age groups of 30-39, had the highest  of prevalence of 15(51.72%), which occur more  common in HIV infected patients while for HIV seronegative patients age group 10-19  had the highest  incidence of  7(29.17%).Result showed no significant difference in the prevalence of  S .pneumoniae among the HIV seropositive and seronegative patients (P > 0.05) .Antimicrobial susceptibility showed that Ciprofloxacin 25(86.2%), was found to be most active invitro against the isolates followed by Oxacillin 21(72.4%), Augmentin19       (65.5), Chloramphenicol 15(51.7%). Tetracycline, 14(48.3%), Clindamycin 14(48.3) and Erythromycin 10(34.5%). Result showed no significant difference in the levels of antibiotic susceptibilities and resistance observed (p > 0.05). The CD4 cells counts for the HIV seropositve patients were 161(89.4%) 350 cells/ml and 19(10.6%) <350 cells/m recorded as normal and low respectively. There was significant difference (p <0.05) for  the CD4 cells counts of the study population with the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates among the HIV seropositive patients  (P 0.000 <0.05).  PCR amplification  for Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance genes showed that Only 2(33.3%)  out of 6  resistant  isolates  possed the pneumococcal pbp2b resistance gene. According to the findings, the pbp2b gene can play a role of fundamentalimportance in the resistance of S. pneumoniae.  Modify heterogeneity in antibiotic use, which several antibiotics are taken in a rotation against taking just 1 antibiotic such that isolates resistant to 1 antibiotic are killed when the subsequent antibiotic is taken. Keywords: HIV/AIDS,  Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Antibiotic Resistance, Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Pbp2b  CD4 cells count