Mean values of personal, medication and infrastructure costs per case in Euro for patients with paranoid SZ (blue) and SAD (red).

<p>The ends of the whiskers indicate the standard deviation. Note that these partial costs do not exactly add up to the amount of total costs, since we did not compare costs for materials other than medication.</p

Average daily costs in Euro of inpatient treatment of patients with paranoid SZ (blue-green graphs) and SAD (red-yellow).

<p>The timeline does not represent a calendar period of one year but a transformation where all individual treatment courses start at day one of the presented timeline. Note that the number of averaged cases decreases over time. with less than 5 patients received longer treatments than 154 days (i.e. for 167, 180, 183 and 253 days respectively). This results in higher fluctuations of daily means.</p

Demographic characteristics and costs (<i>n</i> = 189).

<p>Demographic characteristics and costs (<i>n</i> = 189).</p

Aberrant brain morphology in CD with EIM.

<p>Cortical statistical maps showing left-hemispheric increased surface area (A) and folding (B) in patients with extraintestinal manifestation when compared with controls (p-values corrected for multiple comparisons, vertex-wise analysis over the entire cortical mantle).</p

Demographics and clinical characteristics of CD patients and HC.

<p>Demographics and clinical characteristics of CD patients and HC.</p

Differences between CD with and without EIM.

<p>Cortical statistical maps displaying right-hemispheric lower (A) and higher (B) gyrification in patients with extraintestinal manifestation (p-values corrected for multiple comparisons, vertex-wise analysis over the entire cortical mantle).</p

Brain regions with significant group differences, corrected for multiple comparisons.

<p>Brain regions with significant group differences, corrected for multiple comparisons.</p

The relevance of hippocampal subfield integrity and clock drawing test performance for the diagnosis of Alzheimerâs disease and mild cognitive impairment

10nonenoneHirjak, Dusan; Sambataro, Fabio; Remmele, Barbara; Kubera, Katharina M.; Schrã¶der, Johannes; Seidl, Ulrich; Thomann, Anne K.; Maier-hein, Klaus H.; Wolf, Robert C.; Thomann, Philipp A.Hirjak, Dusan; Sambataro, Fabio; Remmele, Barbara; Kubera, Katharina M.; Schrã¶der, Johannes; Seidl, Ulrich; Thomann, Anne K.; Maier hein, Klaus H.; Wolf, Robert C.; Thomann, Philipp A

The relevance of hippocampal subfield integrity and clock drawing test performance for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

<p><b>Objectives:</b> The clock drawing test (CDT) is one of the worldwide most used screening tests for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). MRI studies have identified temporo-parietal regions being involved in CDT impairment. However, the contributions of specific hippocampal subfields and adjacent extrahippocampal structures to CDT performance in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have not been investigated so far. It is unclear whether morphological alterations or CDT score, or a combination of both, are able to predict AD.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> 38 AD patients, 38 MCI individuals and 31 healthy controls underwent neuropsychological assessment and MRI at 3 Tesla. FreeSurfer 5.3 was used to perform hippocampal parcellation. We used a collection of statistical methods to better understand the relationship between CDT and hippocampal formation. We also tested the clinical feasibility of this relationship when predicting AD.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Impaired CDT performance in AD was associated with widespread atrophy of the cornu ammonis, presubiculum, and subiculum, whereas MCI subjects showed CDT-related alterations of the CA4-dentate gyrus and subiculum. CDT correlates in AD and MCI showed regional and quantitative overlap. Importantly, CDT score was the best predictor of AD.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings lend support for an involvement of different hippocampal subfields in impaired CDT performance in AD and MCI. CDT seems to be more efficient than subfield imaging for predicting AD.</p

Reduced gray to white matter contrast (A) and cortical thinning (B) in patients with schizophrenia.

<p>Group differences in gray to white matter contrast remained after controlling for thickness at each vertex along the cortical mantle (C).</p