Number of G2 specific amino acid substitutions which are acquired before and after 2009.

<p>Number of G2 specific amino acid substitutions which are acquired before and after 2009.</p

Effect of mutations on informational spectra of the Egyptian H5N1-HPAIV A/Egypt/N04434/2010.

<p>Effect of mutations P74S, H110R, A127T, F143Y, K153D, S188K, S223(N,I), S234P, G272S, N275S from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0061572#pone-0061572-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>) on IS of HA1 from human H5N1 virus A/Egypt/N04434/2010. (a) IS of the unmutated HA1 protein, (b) IS of HA1 with mutations.</p

MSA-based and ISM-based phylogenetic analysis of H5N1-HPAIV isolated in Egypt.

<p>(a) The phylogenetic tree constructed using the IS-based method. (b) Phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbor-joining method.</p

Distribution of A(0.236)/A(0.076) ratios by years for Egyptian H5N1-HPAIV isolated during 2006–2011.

<p>(a) The average values of A(0.236)/A(0.076) for G1 and G2 viruses. (b) Distribution of G1 and G2 viruses by years. (c) The average values of A(0.236)/A(0.076) by years.</p

Comparison of informational spectra of H5N1-HPAIV from poultry and humans isolated 2006–2010.

<p>(a) A/chicken/Egypt/R1/2006, (b) A/Egypt/2763-NAMRU3/2006, (c) A/chicken/Egypt/1029/2010, (d) A/Egypt/N04434/2010.</p

Mutations that increase binding of H5N1-HPAIV HA1 to the human α2,6-linked sialic acid.

<p>Mutations that increase binding of H5N1-HPAIV HA1 to the human α2,6-linked sialic acid.</p

Comparison of sensitivity of MSA-based and ISM-based phylogenetic tree to mutations.

<p>Mutations which are potentially important for human tropism of Egyptian H5N1-HPAIV are included to test the sensitivity of MSA- and ISM-based approach to mutations. (a) The MSA tree and (b) the ISM tree for all 311 unmutated H5N1-HPAIV HA1 sequences belonging to G1 viruses; (c) the MSA tree of panel (a) in which each second sequence was mutated and (d) the ISM tree which corresponds to the mutated and unmutated sequences presented in panel (c). H5N1-HPAIV HA1 sequences selected for mutations D43N, S120D, S129Δ and I151T are in red.</p

Residues that are specific for H5N1-HPAIV HA1 groups G1 and G2 (Figure 1A) and mutations that significantly increase the A(0.236)/A(0.076) ratio.

<p>Residue positions correspond the H5N1 numbering.</p