REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

The ability of a chromatographic method to successfully separate, identify and quantitative species is determined by many factors, many of which are in the control of the experimenter. When attempting to discover the important factors and then optimize a response by turning these factors by using multivariate statistical techniques for the optimization of chromatographic system. The surface response methodologies and experimental design give a powerful suite of statistical methodology. Advantage includes modeling by empherical function, a defined number of experiments to be performed and available software to accomplish the task of two uses of experimental design in chromatography for showing lack of significant factors and then optimizing a response within their method development. Plackett - Burman design (Screening) widely used in validation studies and fraction factorial designs and their extensions such as (response surface) central composite designs are most popular optimizers. Box-Behnken and Doehlert designs are becoming more used as efficient alternatives. The use of mixture designs for optimization of mobile phase is also related. A discussion about model validation is presented. Then simultaneously the multiple responses are optimized, the desirability function is used and discussed the criteria for judging the quality of a chromatogram by using multi criteria decision making studies. Some applications of multivariate techniques for optimization of chromatographic methods are also summarized

An Efficient Hybrid Fuzzy-Clustering Driven 3D-Modeling of Magnetic Resonance Imagery for Enhanced Brain Tumor Diagnosis

Brain tumor detection and its analysis are essential in medical diagnosis. The proposed work focuses on segmenting abnormality of axial brain MR DICOM slices, as this format holds the advantage of conserving extensive metadata. The axial slices presume the left and right part of the brain is symmetric by a Line of Symmetry (LOS). A semi-automated system is designed to mine normal and abnormal structures from each brain MR slice in a DICOM study. In this work, Fuzzy clustering (FC) is applied to the DICOM slices to extract various clusters for di erent k. Then, the best-segmented image that has high inter-class rigidity is obtained using the silhouette fitness function. The clustered boundaries of the tissue classes further enhanced by morphological operations. The FC technique is hybridized with the standard image post-processing techniques such as marker controlled watershed segmentation (MCW), region growing (RG), and distance regularized level sets (DRLS). This procedure is implemented on renowned BRATS challenge dataset of di erent modalities and a clinical dataset containing axial T2 weighted MR images of a patient. The sequential analysis of the slices is performed using the metadata information present in the DICOM header. The validation of the segmentation procedures against the ground truth images authorizes that the segmented objects of DRLS through FC enhanced brain images attain maximum scores of Jaccard and Dice similarity coe cients. The average Jaccard and dice scores for segmenting tumor part for ten patient studies of the BRATS dataset are 0.79 and 0.88, also for the clinical study 0.78 and 0.86, respectively. Finally, 3D visualization and tumor volume estimation are done using accessible DICOM information.Ministerio de Desarrollo de Recursos Humanos, India SPARC/2018-2019/P145/SLUniversidad Politécnica de Tomsk, Rusia RRSG/19/500

Study on Web-Site Attributes and Predatory Efficiency of Dark Tetragnathid Spider in Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary

Abstract. Spiders represent one of the most abundant components of the predatory arthropods in terrestrial ecosystem. Their effectiveness at restricting pest populations, both alone and as part of natural enemy complex has well demonstrated in many countries. The web, web-site attributes and predatory efficiency of Dark Tetragnathid Spider Tetragnatha mandibulata were assessed in Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary between August 2015 and March 2016. In the present study, the spiders used limited number of plants species. The relationship between web architecture and web-site attributes was estimated using Pearson's correlation. Number of spiders recorded in the web showed the positive correlation with web horizontal and vertical length of the capture areas (p<0.05). Similarly, the web circumference showed the positive interaction with plant height and canopy width (p<0.05), which clearly indicated the importance of vegetations across the webs of Dark Tetragnathid Spider. Further, the microhabitat selection and utilization could also be impacted by non-trophic factors like structural features of plants that provide architectural supports to spiders. A total of 4620 insect pests comprising seven orders were entangled by the webs of dark tetragnathid spiders. Number of spiders in the web were positively correlated with number of insect pests (p<0.05), which clearly explained that the Dark Tetragnathid spiders restricting pest populations and therefore they are considered as useful organism in biological control

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Research paperField experiments were carried out for four years (2012-13 to 2015-16) to study the seasonal dynamics of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura in castor and its relationship with different weather parameters during kharif season in Telangana State. Moth catches of S. litura were observed throughout the crop season, wherein maximum catches (44.8 to 124 moths/trap/week) were observed during mid- August to late-October [33rd to 43rd Standard Meteorological Week (SMW)]. Peak oviposition (2.0 to 14.8 egg-masses/5 plants) and larval incidence (14.4 to 48 larvae/5 plants) of S. liturawas recorded during mid-August to mid-November (33rd to 46th SMW) coinciding with the vegetative to primary spike development stage of the crop. The correlation analysis indicated that the moth catches and larval population of S. litura showed significant positive correlation with weather parameters viz., maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall and rainy days, while egg-masses of S. litura showed significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity and minimum temperature.The stepwise regression analysis revealed that minimum temperature, rainy days, wind speed and evening relative humidity could explain 64 per cent variation in S. litura moth catches. Among all the variables morning relative humidity was found to contribute significantly and showed 59 per cent effect on the population fluctuation of eggmasses, while rainy days and maximum temperature could explain 51 per cent variation in larval population of S. litura in castor.The models were validated with independent data 2015-16. The overall results suggested that the models can be used for predicting the population of S. litura in castor for optimizing management strategies.ICAR-IIO

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Not AvailableField experiments were carried out for four years (2012-13 to 2015-16) to study the seasonal dynamics of tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura in castor and its relationship with different weather parameters during kharif season in Telangana State. Moth catches of S. litura were observed throughout the crop season, wherein maximum catches (44.8 to 124 moths/trap/week) were observed during mid- August to late-October [33rd to 43rd Standard Meteorological Week (SMW)]. Peak oviposition (2.0 to 14.8 egg-masses/5 plants) and larval incidence (14.4 to 48 larvae/5 plants) of S. liturawas recorded during mid-August to mid-November (33rd to 46th SMW) coinciding with the vegetative to primary spike development stage of the crop. The correlation analysis indicated that the moth catches and larval population of S. litura showed significant positive correlation with weather parameters viz., maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall and rainy days, while egg-masses of S. litura showed significant negative correlation with morning relative humidity and minimum temperature.The stepwise regression analysis revealed that minimum temperature, rainy days, wind speed and evening relative humidity could explain 64 per cent variation in S. litura moth catches. Among all the variables morning relative humidity was found to contribute significantly and showed 59 per cent effect on the population fluctuation of eggmasses, while rainy days and maximum temperature could explain 51 per cent variation in larval population of S. litura in castor.The models were validated with independent data 2015-16. The overall results suggested that the models can be used for predicting the population of S. litura in castor for optimizing management strategies.ICAR-IIO

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Not AvailableSerpentine leaf miner is a polyphagus pest native to United States of America, and the caribbean. It was introduced into India in 1990’s along with cut chrysanthemums and it was first reported in annual castor group meeting held at Hyderabad. It has very wide host range with 78 annual plant species as host. Damage is mainly caused by larva as it mines below the leaf epidermis causing damage to the leaf mesophyll. Adult flies punctures the leaf tissue both for feeding and oviposition causing stripling appearance on leaves. The mines caused by the larva even act entry points for pathogens making the plant susceptible to secondary infection. Several natural enemies like predators, parasitoids and pathogens control leaf miner populations in the field. Most of these natural enemies get killed due to chemicals applied during the season to control other pests. Entomopathogenic nematodes are one of the most virulent pathogens killing different life stages of the insect pests. An Entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis bacteriphora was tested against late instar larvae and pupa of Liriomyza trifolii. Infective juveniles (ijs) were inoculated @ 50 ijs per larvae/pupa. About 50% mortality was observed in late instar larvae in 24 hours post infection. Pupae were not infected by this nematode and 100% adult emergence was observed. This bioassay demonstrates that EPNs have potential for biocontrol of Liriomyza trifoli in oilseed crops. The bioassay will be repeated with different doses of H.bacteriophora for reconfirmation of results.Not Availabl

Determination of an action threshold for tobacco caterpillar in castor

Research paperField experiments were conducted for four years to study the relationship between tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths captured on synthetic sex pheromone trap and associated field population and damage to castor for determining action threshold for this insect, based on number of moth catches in pheromone trap. Peak trap catches, oviposition and larval incidence of S. litura was recorded during September to October. Economic damage of more than 25% defoliation by S. litura was observed during September to November. Pooled analysis of four years data revealed that current week trap catches of moths was found to be significant strong positive correlation with oviposition (r = 0.852 to 0.855), while two and three week after moth catches in trap recorded significant strong positive correlation with larval incidence (r = 0.814 to 0.873) and per cent defoliation (r = 0.868 to 0.892) of S. litura in the field, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that the per cent defoliation in the field was a linear function of three week after moth catches in pheromone trap, indicating the possibility of assessing the level of damage from trap catches. From this relationship, the pheromone trap catches corresponding to the economic threshold level of 25% defoliation of S. litura on castor was estimated to be 81.4 moths/trap/week. Thus, pheromone trap based action threshold identified can be used to forecast the seasonal status of S. litura.ICAR-IIO