Interactive tool encouraging educational quality in the Wounaan Nonam community

La comunidad Wounaan Nonam es una de las 102 comunidades indígenas colombianas que se ha visto obligada a abandonar sus territorios de origen a causa del conflicto armado, razón por la cual la comunidad de ha desplazado a las grandes ciudades como Bogotá, estando así el 0,3% de población en la capital. La necesidad de adaptación a un ámbito urbano ha provocado que gran parte de su cultura e identidad étnica se vea en peligro de extinción, ya que el cambio de contexto les hace adquirir nuevas costumbres y lenguaje para su supervivencia. Se hace evidente que este cambio abrupto no es tenido en cuenta en las Instituciones Educativas a las cuales ingresan los niños de la comunidad Wounaan Noman, puesto que los medios de inclusión utilizados no dan importancia a su dinámica lingüística y el valor que tiene para ellos mantener su identidad a través del mantenimiento de su lengua nativa. Colombia reconoce la diversidad cultural que existe en su territorio y ha creado políticas y proyectos diseñados en torno a su mantenimiento, pero aun así no han logrado conjugar ni frenar el proceso de aculturación en el que han entrado la mayoría de los pueblos originarios.The Wounaan Nonam community is one of 102 indigenous communities Colombians who have been forced to leave their home territories because of the armed conflict, which is why the community has displaced large cities like Bogotá, thus being 0.3% of the population in the capital. The need to adapt to an urban environment has caused a large part of its culture and ethnic identity are in danger of extinction, since the change of context it makes them acquire new customs and language for their survival. It is evident that this abrupt change is not taken into account in the Institutions Educational institutions that children from the Wounaan Noman community enter, since the means of inclusion used do not give importance to their linguistic dynamics and the value that it has for them to maintain their identity through the maintenance of their native language. Colombia recognizes the cultural diversity that exists in its territory and has created policies and projects designed around its maintenance, but still have not succeeded conjugate or stop the acculturation process in which most of the peoples have entered originating

Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein is raised in progranulin-associated frontotemporal dementia

Background: There are fewvalidated fluid biomarkers in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is a measure of astrogliosis, a known pathological process of FTD, but has yet to be explored as potential biomarker. Methods: Plasma GFAP and neurofilament light chain (NfL) concentration were measured in 469 individuals enrolled in the Genetic FTD Initiative: 114 C9orf72 expansion carriers (74 presymptomatic, 40 symptomatic), 119 GRN mutation carriers (88 presymptomatic, 31 symptomatic), 53 MAPT mutation carriers (34 presymptomatic, 19 symptomatic) and 183 non-carrier controls. Biomarker measures were compared between groups using linear regression models adjusted for age and sex with family membership included as random effect. Participants underwent standardised clinical assessments including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration-Clinical Dementia Rating scale and MRI. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship of plasma GFAP to clinical and imaging measures. Results: Plasma GFAP concentration was significantly increased in symptomatic GRN mutation carriers (adjusted mean difference from controls 192.3 pg/mL, 95% Cl 126.5 to 445.6), but not in those with C9orf72 expansions (9.0, -61.3 to 54.6), MAPT mutations (12.7, -33.3 to 90.4) or the presymptomatic groups. GFAP concentration was significantly positively correlated with age in both controls and the majority of the disease groups, as well as with NfL concentration. In the presymptomatic period, higher GFAP concentrations were correlated with a lower cognitive score (MMSE) and lower brain volume, while in the symptomatic period, higher concentrations were associated with faster rates of atrophy in the temporal lobe. Conclusions: Raised GFAP concentrations appear to be unique to GRN-related FTD, with levels potentially increasing just prior to symptom onset, suggesting that GFAP may be an important marker of proximity to onset, and helpful for forthcoming therapeutic prevention trials