The roles of zinc and copper sensing in fungal pathogenesis

Open Access funded by Wellcome Trust Acknowledgements ERB is funded by the BBSRC (BB/M014525/1). DW is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (Grant Number 102549/Z/13/Z). We additionally acknowledge the MRC and University of Aberdeen for funding (MR/N006364/1) and the Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology (097377/Z/11/Z). Finally, we acknowledge FungiDB and the Candida Genome Database [ 56 and 57].Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Missing Link between Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis and Host Cell Damage

Funding: Our own work was funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (102549/Z/13/Z), a Wellcome Trust ISSF (RG12723-14), the MRC and University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1) (DW); Medical Research Council (MR/J008303/1, MR/M011372/1), Biotechnology & Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/J015261/1), FP7-PEOPLE-2013-Initial Training Network (606786) (JRN); Wellcome Trust Strategic Award for Medical Mycology and Fungal Immunology (097377/Z/11/Z) (JRN and DW); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft CRC/TR124 FungiNet Project C1 and SPP 1580 (Hu 528/17-1) and CSCC, German Federal Ministry of Education and Health [BMBF] 01EO1002 (BH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Exercise motivation: a cross-sectional analysis examining its relationships with frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise

BACKGROUND: It is important to engage in regular physical activity in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle however a large portion of the population is insufficiently active. Understanding how different types of motivation contribute to exercise behavior is an important first step in identifying ways to increase exercise among individuals. The current study employs self-determination theory as a framework from which to examine how motivation contributes to various characteristics of exercise behavior. METHODS: Regular exercisers (N = 1079; n = 468 males; n = 612 females) completed inventories which assessed the frequency, intensity, and duration with which they exercise, as well as the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire including four additional items assessing integrated regulation. RESULTS: Bivariate correlations revealed that all three behavioral indices (frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise) were more highly correlated with more autonomous than controlling regulations. Regression analyses revealed that integrated and identified regulations predicted exercise frequency for males and females. Integrated regulation was found to be the only predictor of exercise duration across both genders. Finally, introjected regulation predicted exercise intensity for females only. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that exercise regulations that vary in their degree of internalization can differentially predict characteristics of exercise behavior. Furthermore, in the motivational profile of a regular exerciser, integrated regulation appears to be an important determinant of exercise behavior. These results highlight the importance of assessing integrated regulation in exercise settings where the goal of understanding motivated behavior has important health implications

Simulated VLBI Images From Relativistic Hydrodynamic Jet Models

A series of simulated maps showing the appearance in total intensity of flows computed using a recently developed relativistic hydrodynamic code (Duncan \& Hughes 1994: ApJ, 436, L119) are presented. The radiation transfer calculations were performed by assuming the flow is permeated by a magnetic field and fast particle distribution in energy equipartition, with energy density proportional to the hydrodynamic energy density (i.e., pressure). We find that relativistic flows subject to strong perturbations exhibit a density structure consisting of a series of nested bow shocks, and that this structure is evident in the intensity maps for large viewing angles. However, for viewing angles $<30^{\circ}$, differential Doppler boosting leads to a series of axial knots of emission, similar to the pattern exhibited by many VLBI sources. The appearance of VLBI knots is determined primarily by the Doppler boosting of parts of a more extended flow. To study the evolution of a perturbed jet, a time series of maps was produced and an integrated flux light curve created. The light curve shows features characteristic of a radio loud AGN: small amplitude variations and a large outburst. We find that in the absence of perturbations, jets with a modest Lorentz factor ($\sim 5$) exhibit complex intensity maps, while faster jets (Lorentz factor $\sim 10$) are largely featureless. We also study the appearance of kiloparsec jet-counterjet pairs by producing simulated maps at relatively large viewing angles; we conclude that observed hot spot emission is more likely to be associated with the Mach disk than with the outer, bow shock.Comment: 27 pages, uses aasms4.sty; 18 PostScript figures (1.57Mb gziped, 8.67Mb gunziped) available from http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/users/hughes/icon_dir/rad.html or by anonymous ftp from ra.astro.lsa.umich.edu in pub/get/hughes. Submitted to Ap.

A social mechanism facilitates ant colony emigrations overdifferent distances

Behavioural responses enable animals to react rapidly to fluctuating environments. In eusocial organisms, such changes are often enacted at the group level, but may be organised in a decentralised fashion by the actions of individuals. However, the contributions of different group members are rarely homogeneous, and there is evidence to suggest that certain ‘keystone’ individuals are important in shaping collective responses. Accordingly, investigations of the dynamics and structuring of behavioural changes at both the group and individual level are crucial for evaluating the relative influence of different individuals. Here, we examined the composition of tandem running behaviour during colony emigrations in the ant species Temnothorax albipennis. Tandem running is modulated in response to emigration distance, with more runs being conducted when a more distant nest site must be reached. We show that certain individuals are highly active in the tandem running process, attempting significantly more work in thetask. Contrary to expectations, however, such individuals are in fact no more successful at conducting tandem runs than their less active nest mates. Instead, it seems that when more tandem runs are required, colonies rely on greater recruitment of workers into the process. The implications of our study are that in some cases, even when apparently ‘key’ individuals exist within a group, their relative contribution to task performance may be far from decisive

Quenched Chiral Artifacts for Wilson-Dirac Fermions

We examine artifacts associated with the chiral symmetry breaking induced through the use of Wilson-Dirac fermions in lattice Monte Carlo computations. For light quark masses, the conventional quenched theory can not be defined using direct Monte Carlo methods due to the existence of nonintegrable poles in physical quantities. These poles are associated with the real eigenvalue spectrum of the Wilson-Dirac operator. We show how this singularity structure can be observed in the analysis of both QED in two dimensions and QCD in four dimensions.Comment: 32 pages (Latex) including 13 figures (EPS

Thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke despite direct oral anticoagulation.

Intravenous thrombolysis is not recommended in anticoagulated patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and a recent intake within the last 48 hours in US and European guidelines. However, three observational studies now suggest safety of thrombolysis in patients with recent intake of DOACs, and thus support previous experimental data. In this perspective, the current evidence and practical consequences are discussed

Translation Microscopy (TRAM) for super-resolution imaging

Super-resolution microscopy is transforming our understanding of biology but accessibility is limited by its technical complexity, high costs and the requirement for bespoke sample preparation. We present a novel, simple and multi-color super-resolution microscopy technique, called translation microscopy (TRAM), in which a super-resolution image is restored from multiple diffraction-limited resolution observations using a conventional microscope whilst translating the sample in the image plane. TRAM can be implemented using any microscope, delivering up to 7-fold resolution improvement. We compare TRAM with other super-resolution imaging modalities, including gated stimulated emission deletion (gSTED) microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We further developed novel ‘ground-truth’ DNA origami nano-structures to characterize TRAM, as well as applying it to a multi-color dye-stained cellular sample to demonstrate its fidelity, ease of use and utility for cell biology