5 research outputs found
Phénoménologie linguistique, mutisme des sens et normativité chez John L. Austin
Nombre de travaux contemporains en philosophie de la perception sâinspirent de lâouvrage Sense and Sensibilia du philosophe anglais John L. Austin (1911-1960). En examinant le langage ordinaire pour reconnaĂźtre la diversitĂ© des phĂ©nomĂšnes perceptifs, Austin vise entre autres Ă dĂ©montrer lâimpossibilitĂ© de les rĂ©duire aux catĂ©gories mĂ©taphysiques traditionnelles. Charles Travis est de ceux qui se sont risquĂ©s Ă rĂ©investir la phĂ©nomĂ©nologie linguistique dâAustin. Se rĂ©clamant ouvertement dâAustin qui soutenait que « nos sens sont muets », il dĂ©veloppera la thĂšse du silence des sens selon laquelle la perception nâaurait pas un contenu reprĂ©sentationnel. Cette thĂšse aura une grande influence sur Jocelyn Benoist, qui reprendra Ă son compte lâidĂ©e selon laquelle la perception nâest pas intentionnelle. Travis et Benoist sâentendent donc pour dire quâen tant que la perception est silencieuse â et donc non-conceptuelle â elle ne peut ĂȘtre intentionnelle. Or, il sâen suivrait alors que la phĂ©nomĂ©nologie serait fondamentalement incompatible avec la radicalitĂ© de leur critique rĂ©ciproque contre le reprĂ©sentationnalisme, basĂ©e sur la thĂšse dâinspiration austinienne du silence des sens. Lâintuition Ă lâorigine de ce mĂ©moire rĂ©side dans la perspective selon laquelle ces conclusions constitueraient en fait une radicalisation de la thĂšse vĂ©ritablement dĂ©fendue par Austin, le mutisme nâĂ©tant pas synonyme de silence. Si Austin a pu dĂ©montrer trĂšs efficacement lâautonomie de la perception par rapport au langage, la reprise de cette idĂ©e chez Travis et Benoist les a menĂ©s Ă une thĂšse plus radicale selon laquelle la perception ne serait pas une activitĂ© que lâon pourrait qualifier de normative. Partant de cette idĂ©e, jâinterroge la portĂ©e et les limites de la thĂšse dâAustin et de ses hĂ©ritiers en examinant le rĂŽle de la normativitĂ© en jeu dans la perception. Dans ce mĂ©moire, je soutiens que les conclusions que Travis et Benoist tirent de la thĂšse du silence des sens quâils attribuent Ă Austin constituent en fait une radicalisation de la position vĂ©ritablement dĂ©fendue par lâOxonien. La thĂšse de Travis et Benoist doit ĂȘtre nuancĂ©e dans la mesure oĂč dâautres types de normes jouent un rĂŽle transcendantal pour la perception. DĂšs lors que lâon considĂšre lâexpĂ©rience sensible, non pas comme une activitĂ© exclusivement Ă©pistĂ©mique et cognitive, mais comme une pratique incarnĂ©e, la thĂšse du mutisme des sens devient compatible avec une conception normative de la perception.Much contemporary work in philosophy of perception draws on the work Sense and
Sensibilia by the English philosopher John L. Austin (1911-1960). By examining ordinary
language to recognize the diversity of perceptual phenomena, Austin aims, among other
things, to demonstrate the impossibility of reducing them to traditional metaphysical
categories. Charles Travis is one of those who have ventured to reinvest Austin's linguistic
phenomenology. Following in the footsteps of Austin, who maintained that "our senses are
dumb", he developed the thesis of the silence of the senses, according to which perception
has no representational content. This thesis had a major influence on Jocelyn Benoist, who
took up the idea that perception is not intentional. Travis and Benoist agree that since
perception is silent - and therefore non-conceptual - it cannot be intentional. It would then
follow that phenomenology would be fundamentally incompatible with the radicalness of
their reciprocal critique of representationalism based on Austinâs inspired thesis of the
silence of the senses. The intuition behind this dissertation lies in the prospect that these
conclusions might in fact constitute a radicalization of the thesis actually defended by
Austin, since mutism is not synonymous with silence. If Austin demonstrated very
effectively the autonomy of perception in relation to language, the revival of this idea by
Travis and Benoist led them to a much more radical thesis, according to which perception
would not be an activity that can be described as normative. Based on this idea, I question
the scope and limits of the thesis of Austin and his heirs by examining the role of
normativity at play in perception. In this dissertation, I argue that the conclusions Travis
and Benoist draw from the silence of the senses thesis they attribute to Austin are in fact a
radicalization of the position actually defended by the Oxonian. Travis and Benoist's thesis
must be tempered insofar as other types of norms play a transcendental role for perception.
As soon as we consider sensible experience not as an exclusively epistemic and cognitive
activity, but as an embodied practice, the thesis of the mutism of the senses becomes
compatible with a normative conception of perception
Lâenvers de la superinternalitĂ©
Afin dâĂ©chapper au dilemme de la fondation, Karen Bennett a proposĂ© une thĂšse selon laquelle la relation de fondation serait superinterne, câest-Ă -dire quâelle reposerait entiĂšrement sur la nature du relatum de gauche. Si cette approche peut de prime abord sembler particuliĂšrement convaincante en raison de sa simplicitĂ© et de son Ă©lĂ©gance, un examen plus minutieux rĂ©vĂšle toutefois dâimportantes difficultĂ©s. Dans cet article, jâĂ©labore de nombreuses critiques contre la thĂšse de la superinternalitĂ© qui sâavĂšre moins intuitive quâelle ne le laisse paraĂźtre. Je considĂšre ensuite lâalternative que reprĂ©sente la sĂ©mantique mĂ©taphysique dĂ©veloppĂ©e par Ted Sider
Lâenvers de la superinternalitĂ©
Afin dâĂ©chapper au dilemme de la fondation, Karen Bennett a proposĂ© une thĂšse selon laquelle la relation de fondation serait superinterne, câest-Ă -dire quâelle reposerait entiĂšrement sur la nature du relatum de gauche. Si cette approche peut de prime abord sembler particuliĂšrement convaincante en raison de sa simplicitĂ© et de son Ă©lĂ©gance, un examen plus minutieux rĂ©vĂšle toutefois dâimportantes difficultĂ©s. Dans cet article, jâĂ©labore de nombreuses critiques contre la thĂšse de la superinternalitĂ© qui sâavĂšre moins intuitive quâelle ne le laisse paraĂźtre. Je considĂšre ensuite lâalternative que reprĂ©sente la sĂ©mantique mĂ©taphysique dĂ©veloppĂ©e par Ted Sider
Ăros, amour et sexualitĂ© : la paiderastĂa dans le Banquet de Platon
Le texte du Banquet de Platon constitue lâun des tĂ©moignages les plus importants de ce que fut lâinstitution pĂ©dĂ©rastique en GrĂšce antique. Le dialogue sur lâamour, qui prend la forme dâune rĂ©union au cours de laquelle les diffĂ©rents protagonistes feront successivement lâĂ©loge dâĂros, pose toutefois problĂšme dans la mesure oĂč la position de lâauteur est Ă©minemment ambigĂŒe. Bien que la position de Diotime semble plus cohĂ©rente avec le reste de la doctrine platonicienne, il serait malgrĂ© tout rĂ©ducteur de considĂ©rer celle de Pausanias comme un simple dĂ©tour rhĂ©torique opĂ©rĂ© par Platon. Ainsi, il sâagira de montrer dans quelle mesure la position de Pausanias mĂ©rite une attention particuliĂšre. Il semble en effet que la thĂšse platonicienne, bien que rĂ©ticente Ă encourager les relations homosexuelles charnelles, ne consiste pas en une rĂ©futation complĂšte des conclusions de Pausanias
Ticagrelor in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease with a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention (THEMIS-PCI) : a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomised trial
Background:
Patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly those with previous stenting, are at high risk of ischaemic events. These patients are generally treated with aspirin. In this trial, we aimed to investigate if these patients would benefit from treatment with aspirin plus ticagrelor.
Methods:
The Effect of Ticagrelor on Health Outcomes in diabEtes Mellitus patients Intervention Study (THEMIS) was a phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, done in 1315 sites in 42 countries. Patients were eligible if 50 years or older, with type 2 diabetes, receiving anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for at least 6 months, with stable coronary artery disease, and one of three other mutually non-exclusive criteria: a history of previous PCI or of coronary artery bypass grafting, or documentation of angiographic stenosis of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either ticagrelor or placebo, by use of an interactive voice-response or web-response system. The THEMIS-PCI trial comprised a prespecified subgroup of patients with previous PCI. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (measured in the intention-to-treat population).
Findings:
Between Feb 17, 2014, and May 24, 2016, 11â154 patients (58% of the overall THEMIS trial) with a history of previous PCI were enrolled in the THEMIS-PCI trial. Median follow-up was 3·3 years (IQR 2·8â3·8). In the previous PCI group, fewer patients receiving ticagrelor had a primary efficacy outcome event than in the placebo group (404 [7·3%] of 5558 vs 480 [8·6%] of 5596; HR 0·85 [95% CI 0·74â0·97], p=0·013). The same effect was not observed in patients without PCI (p=0·76, p interaction=0·16). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular death was similar in both treatment groups (174 [3·1%] with ticagrelor vs 183 (3·3%) with placebo; HR 0·96 [95% CI 0·78â1·18], p=0·68), as well as all-cause death (282 [5·1%] vs 323 [5·8%]; 0·88 [0·75â1·03], p=0·11). TIMI major bleeding occurred in 111 (2·0%) of 5536 patients receiving ticagrelor and 62 (1·1%) of 5564 patients receiving placebo (HR 2·03 [95% CI 1·48â2·76], p<0·0001), and fatal bleeding in 6 (0·1%) of 5536 patients with ticagrelor and 6 (0·1%) of 5564 with placebo (1·13 [0·36â3·50], p=0·83). Intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 33 (0·6%) and 31 (0·6%) patients (1·21 [0·74â1·97], p=0·45). Ticagrelor improved net clinical benefit: 519/5558 (9·3%) versus 617/5596 (11·0%), HR=0·85, 95% CI 0·75â0·95, p=0·005, in contrast to patients without PCI where it did not, p interaction=0·012. Benefit was present irrespective of time from most recent PCI.
Interpretation:
In patients with diabetes, stable coronary artery disease, and previous PCI, ticagrelor added to aspirin reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, although with increased major bleeding. In that large, easily identified population, ticagrelor provided a favourable net clinical benefit (more than in patients without history of PCI). This effect shows that long-term therapy with ticagrelor in addition to aspirin should be considered in patients with diabetes and a history of PCI who have tolerated antiplatelet therapy, have high ischaemic risk, and low bleeding risk