Sources of Emission Reductions: Evidence for US SO2 Emissions 1985-2002

An enduring issue in environmental regulation is whether to clean up existing "old" plants or in some manner to bring in new "clean" plants to replace the old. In this paper, a unit-level data base of emissions by nearly 2000 electric generating units from 1985 through 2002 is used to analyze the contribution of these two factors in accomplishing the significant reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions from these sources in the United States. The effect on SO2 emissions of the new natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle capacity that has been introduced since 1998 is also examined. The results indicate that cleaning up the old plants has made by far the greater contribution to reducing SO2 emissions, and that this contribution has been especially large since the introduction of the SO2 cap-and-trade program in 1995

‘Sources of Emission Reductions: Evidence for US SO2 Emissions 1985-2002’

An enduring issue in environmental regulation is whether to clean up existing “old” plants or in some manner to bring in new “clean” plants to replace the old. In this paper, a unit-level data base of emissions by nearly 2000 electric generating units from 1985 through 2002 is used to analyze the contribution of these two factors in accomplishing the significant reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions from these sources in the United States. The effect on SO2 emissions of the new natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle capacity that has been introduced since 1998 is also examined. The results indicate that cleaning up the old plants has made by far the greater contribution to reducing SO2 emissions, and that this contribution has been especially large since the introduction of the SO2 cap-and-trade program in 1995.

Note sur la haute surface rocheuse de l'Amazonie vénézuélienne

L'étude pétrographique des échantillons prélevés sur divers sites de la haute surface rocheuse de l'Amazonie vénézuélienne montre l'existence de roches d'origines variées. Le nivellement des terrains rocheux serait du à une phase d'érosion particulièrement intense, crétacée ou même jurassique, durant laquelle d'anciennes séries sédimentaires quartzeuses ont été arasée

The sources of emission reductions : evidence from U.S. SO₂ emissions from 1985-2002

An enduring issue in environmental regulation is whether to clean up existing "old" plants or in some manner to bring in new ₃clean₄ plants to replace the old. In this paper, a unit-level data base of emissions by nearly 2000 electric generating units from 1985 through 2002 is used to analyze the contribution of these two factors in accomplishing the significant reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions from these sources in the United States. The effect on SO2 emissions of the new natural-gas-fired, combined-cycle capacity that has been introduced since 1998 is also examined. The results indicate that cleaning up the old plants has made by far the greatest contribution to reducing SO2 emissions, and that this contribution has been especially large since the introduction of the SO2 cap-and-trade program in 1995. The new natural-gas-fired, combined cycle units have displaced conventional generation that would have emitted about 800,000 tons of SO2; however, the effect has not been to reduce total SO2 emissions since the 9.0 million ton cap is unchanged, but to reduce the quantity of abatement required of other units in meeting the cap and thereby the cost of doing so.Funding from CEEPR and a STAR grant from the Environmental Protection Agenc

A high bauxitic surface in the Amazone territory of Venezuela : mapping through the radar-slar imagery and exploratery examination

Au cours de l'inventaire géomorpho-pédologique du Territoire Fédéral Amazonas au Vénézuéla, d'importantes altérations bauxitiques ont été reconnues dans les zones élevées des hauts massifs montagneux cristallins de l'Est et du Nord de ce territoire. Il se compose de longs glacis emboîtés sur lesquels un réseau hydrographique relativement dense creuse d'étroites vallées en V. Le manteau d'altération est assez mal connu. La composition minéralogique situe l'altération entre allitisation et fermonosiallitisation, avec un début de déshydratation des oxyde