Development and Validation of UV Spectrophotometric and RP HPLC method for the estimation of Eszopiclone bulk and tablets.

Objective: Objective of the present analytical research work was to develop and validate Spectrophotometric method and Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method (RP-HPLC Method) for the Eszopiclone bulk and tablets dosage form. Methods: A spectrophotometric method and a RP-HPLC method have been developed and validated for estimation of ESZ in pharmaceutical oral dosage form. Method A (RP-HPLC Method): The RP-HPLC Method for Eszopiclone was developed using Shimadzu HPLC, LC-10, temperature maintained 25 0C, phenorex Gemini C18 (250 mm 4.60 mm 5?m), as stationary particle, isocratic mode. MeOH: Water (80:20v/v) as mobile phase. Mobile phase was maintained at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection was carried out at 305 nm. Method B (UV SPECTROMETRY Method): The stock and working standard solutions of the drugs were prepared in methanol. Standard solutions were scanned over the range of 400-200 nm in spectrum mode of spectrophotometer at medium scanning speed using UV spectrophotometer 2450, SHIMADZU. The maximum absorbance for Eszopiclone was found at 305 nm. Both the methods were validated in accordance with ICH guidelines Results: Eszopiclone was found to be linear in the concentration range of 4 - 24 ?g/ml for spectrophotometric method and 5-30 ?g/ml for RP-HPLC method. Retention time was found to be 5.38 min for Eszopiclone. The amount of Eszopiclone in marketed formulation by spectrophotometric method was found to be 100.02 %, the amount of Eszopiclone in marketed formulation by RP-HPLC method was found to be 100.03 %. Interpretation and Conclusion: Results of assay and validation study were found to be satisfactory. So, the methods can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of Eszopiclone

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF BUCCAL PATCHES CONTAINING COMBINATION OF HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE AND ATENOLOL

Objective: Buccal patch is a non-dissolving thin matrix modified release dosage form which was developed to administer into the unconscious and less co-operative patients.Methods: The mucoadhesive buccal patches of hydrochlorothiazide (HCZ) and atenolol (ATN) were prepared by solvent casting technique using various concentrations of sodium alginate, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, carbopol 934P and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose polymer and polyvinyl alcohol as a backing layer. The formulated patches were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, surface pH, content uniformity, folding endurance, swelling percentage studies and tensile strength, in vitro and ex vivo drug permeation. Results: The infra-red (IR) spectra showed no interaction between drug and polymer. Physicochemical characteristics of all the samples were found to be satisfactory and well within the range. Swelling of the films were increased with the increasing content of the polymers and it was found that swelling front erosion was comparably slower in the formulations with the carbopol 934 and HPMC. This is probably due to their marked viscous properties and therefore formulation provided sustained release of the drug. The percentage drug content of all the formulations were found to be in the range of 97-99 %. Among the patches, FC (Carbopol 934 and HPMC) patches were considered satisfactory for maintaining the in vitro residence in the oral cavity for almost 8h. Formulations FD (with CP and NaCMC) and FC showed high tensile strength and % E/B which is an indication of the strength and elasticity of the patch. The films were exhibited sustained release for more than 6 h which was confirmed by the in vitro release data and kinetic data reveals the combination of diffusion and erosion mechanism. The best mucoadhesive performance and matrix controlled release was exhibited by the formulation FC.Conclusion: The formulation of HCZ and ATN mucoadhesive buccal patch was found to be satisfactory and reasonable

Development and Validation of RP HPLC method for the estimation of Etoricoxib in bulk and tablets.

Objective: Objective of the present analytical research work was to develop and validate Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method (RP-HPLC Method) for the Etoricoxib in bulk and tablets dosage form. Methods: A RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for estimation of ETOR in pharmaceutical oral dosage form. Method A (RP-HPLC Method): The RP-HPLC Method for Etoricoxib was developed using Shimadzu HPLC, LC-10, temperature maintained 25 0C, phenorex Gemini C18 (250 mm 4.60 mm 5?m), as stationary particle, isocratic mode. Water: ACN: OPA: TEA (40:60:0.1:0.1, v/vv/v). Mobile phase was maintained at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection was carried out at 245 nm. Results: Etoricoxib was found to be linear in the concentration range of 8 - 12 ?g/ml for RP-HPLC method. Retention time was found to be 2.7 min for Etoricoxib. The amount of Etoricoxib in marketed formulation was found to be 99.14 %. Interpretation and Conclusion: Results of assay and validation study were found to be satisfactory. So, the method can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of Etoricoxib

STUDIES ON CROSS-LINKED CHITOSAN HYDROGEL FOR MATRIX TABLETS OF MONTELUKAST SODIUM

Objective: The aim of the present study was to prepare hydrogel matrix tablets for controlled release of an anti-asthma drug (Montelukast sodium) by modifying the applications of chitosan by crosslinking it with the different cross linking agent.Methods: The hydrogels were prepared by crosslinking chitosan using three different crosslinking agents namely, anhydrous dextrose (DXT), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and glutaraldehyde (GL). Formulations were prepared by direct compression method and pre and post compression parameters were evaluated.Results: FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) studies of tablet formulation indicated that there is no drug-excipient interaction in the prepared formulations. The matrix tablets were capable of releasing the drug for 11 h depending upon the formulation variables. The tablets prepared by plain chitosan discharged the drug quickly, while those prepared by using GL crosslinked-hydrogel released the drug more slowly in a controlled manner. In general, the order of drug release from the crosslinked hydrogel matrix tablets on the basis of crosslinking agents, was found to be DXT>TPP>GL. The type of cross-linking agents affected the drug release rate and in the case of the tablets prepared with CHTPP (95 % to 83 %) it was slower than for the tablets prepared with CHDX (96 % to 88 %) at the end of 11th h. CHGL tablets showed more prolonged drug release profiles (86 % to 74 %) as compared to CHDX and CHTPP at the end of 11th h. In vitro release data was fitted into various release kinetic models to study the release mechanism and showed zero order kinetics and n†value were found to be less than 0.5 indicated the release mechanism followed fickian diffusion due to swelling of gel matrix and high solubility of montelukast sodium.Conclusion: From the experimental results it can be concluded that hydrogels of chitosan were successfully prepared by using DXT, TPP and GL with different concentration

RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ASIATIC ACID ISOLATED FROM THE PLANT CENTELLA ASIATICA.

Objective: Asiatic acid is a triterpene saponin and the main constituent of the species Centellaasiatica. The current study aimed to isolate, characterize and develop an analytical method for asiatic acid in the shorter run time with good efficiency. Methods: In this study isolation of asiatic acid was achieved by TLC and thus isolated asiatic acid was characterized by 1HNMR spectral analysis and LCMS. An isocratic RP-HPLC method was established for the assessment of asiatic acid from the methanol extract of Centellaasiatica. The chromatographic separations were achieved by RP-C18 column 250x4.6 mm (5µ Particle size) Shimadzu UFLC pump LC 20AD and mobile phase composed of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid: acetonitrile (50:50). The analysis of column effluents was achieved using a PDA detector (Photo Diode Array) at 210 nm, and the flow rate was recorded 1 ml/min. Results: Soxhlet extraction process followed by fractional extraction using different solvents was performed. Methnol extract was taken to isolate asiatic acid by TLC (RF 0.97) and base peak from mass spectra was found to be 489M+which was confirmed successful isolation. Retention time of asiatic acid was found to be 9.6±0.22 min. This method obeyed linearity over the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml and regression coefficient was obtained from the alinearity plot for asiatic acid which was found to be 0.9987 LoD and LoQ were obtained to be 0.784507µg/ml and 2.615µg/ml respectively. RSD of mean assay values was found to be 1.02%. Since there were no marked changes in the performance characteristics of the method. Conclusion: Isolation, characterization and identification of asiatic acid were achieved significantly which will be useful for the standardization of herbal formulation containing asiatic acid

Effect of Training Programme on Knowledge and Adoption Behaviour of Farmers on Wheat Production Technologies

ABSTRAC

Habitat Characterization and Fish Community Structure in the River Ghaghara, India

Habitat characterization, water quality assessment and freshwater fish diversity investigation of Ghaghara River flowing in Uttar Pradesh, India was carried out. River water was clear except at site S5 with pebbly and sandy substrate. The mean water quality of study sites was found to have pH 7.8, water temperature 25.8°C, dissolved oxygen 5.4 mg/l, total hardness 212 mg/l, alkalinity 179 mg/l (as CaCO3), Turbidity 16.9 NTU, NO3 1.7 mg/l, NO2 0.04 mg/l, ammonia 0.3 mg/l and conductivity 390.2 μS/cm. Altogether 62 fish species were recorded during the study. We used principal component analyses (PCA) to determine the influence of environmental conditions on species occurrences and assemblage characteristics. The MANOVA on habitat parameters showed a difference in habitat structure among the sampling sites. Our results suggest the significance of local environment influences on the fishes of conservation importance and their assemblage distinctiveness in an unimpacted river and provide a framework and reference conditions to maintain restoration efforts of relatively altered fish habitats in tropical rivers of India

Acute electrocardiographic changes during smoking: An observational study

Objective To study the temporal relationship of smoking with electrophysiological changes. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Tertiary cardiac center. Participants Male smokers with atypical chest pain were screened with a treadmill exercise test (TMT). A total of 31 such patients aged 49.8±10.5 years, in whom TMT was either negative or mildly positive were included. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters of smokers were compared to those of 15 healthy non-smoking participants. Interventions All patients underwent a 24 h Holter monitoring to assess ECG changes during smoking periods. Results Heart rate increased acutely during smoking. Mean heart rate increased from 83.8±13.7 bpm 10 min before smoking, to 90.5±16.4 bpm during smoking, (p <0.0001) and returned to baseline after 30 min. Smoking was also associated with increased ectopic beats (mean of 5.3/h prior to smoking to 9.8/h during smoking to 11.3/h during the hour after smoking; p <0.001). Three patients (9.7%) had significant ST–T changes after smoking. HRV index significantly decreased in smokers (15.2±5.3) as compared to non-smoking controls participants (19.4±3.6; p=0.02), but the other spectral HRV parameters were comparable. Conclusions Heart rate and ectopic beats increase acutely following smoking. Ischaemic ST–T changes were also detected during smoking. Spectral parameters of HRV analysis of smokers remained in normal limits, but more importantly geometrical parameter—HRV index—showed significant abnormality

SPRING-INX: A Multilingual Indian Language Speech Corpus by SPRING Lab, IIT Madras

India is home to a multitude of languages of which 22 languages are recognised by the Indian Constitution as official. Building speech based applications for the Indian population is a difficult problem owing to limited data and the number of languages and accents to accommodate. To encourage the language technology community to build speech based applications in Indian languages, we are open sourcing SPRING-INX data which has about 2000 hours of legally sourced and manually transcribed speech data for ASR system building in Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi and Tamil. This endeavor is by SPRING Lab , Indian Institute of Technology Madras and is a part of National Language Translation Mission (NLTM), funded by the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), Government of India. We describe the data collection and data cleaning process along with the data statistics in this paper.Comment: 3 pages, About SPRING-INX Dat

Optical imaging of the peri-tumoral inflammatory response in breast cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Purpose</p> <p>Peri-tumoral inflammation is a common tumor response that plays a central role in tumor invasion and metastasis, and inflammatory cell recruitment is essential to this process. The purpose of this study was to determine whether injected fluorescently-labeled monocytes accumulate within murine breast tumors and are visible with optical imaging.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>Murine monocytes were labeled with the fluorescent dye DiD and subsequently injected intravenously into 6 transgenic MMTV-PymT tumor-bearing mice and 6 FVB/n control mice without tumors. Optical imaging (OI) was performed before and after cell injection. Ratios of post-injection to pre-injection fluorescent signal intensity of the tumors (MMTV-PymT mice) and mammary tissue (FVB/n controls) were calculated and statistically compared.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>MMTV-PymT breast tumors had an average post/pre signal intensity ratio of 1.8+/- 0.2 (range 1.1-2.7). Control mammary tissue had an average post/pre signal intensity ratio of 1.1 +/- 0.1 (range, 0.4 to 1.4). The p-value for the difference between the ratios was less than 0.05. Confocal fluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of DiD-labeled cells within the breast tumors.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Murine monocytes accumulate at the site of breast cancer development in this transgenic model, providing evidence that peri-tumoral inflammatory cell recruitment can be evaluated non-invasively using optical imaging.</p