Comparison of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities and chemical profiles of three coffee (Coffea arabica L.) pulp aqueous extracts

AbstractBackgroundThis study explored the bioactivities and nutrient compositions of coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) pulp which was prepared in three different ways [Coffee Pulp Extracts (CPE) 1–3].MethodsThe coffee pulp was prepared in three different ways by distinct selecting and freezing processes. The nutritional values, polyphenol contents, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial properties of the coffee pulp as well as the characterization of the active ingredients by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS) were evaluated.ResultsThe chemical profiles of three aqueous extracts were compared and characterized using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS. They showed slightly different nutrient compositions. The total phenolic content was highest in CPE1, and decreased in the following order: CPE1>CPE2 > CPE3. Among the CPEs tested, CPE1 showed the most potent antioxidant activity with IC50 18μg/mL and 82μg/mL by 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay, respectively. Chlorogenic acid and caffeine were the most prominent in CPE1 and it contained more compounds than the others. Moreover, CPE1 demonstrated antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli).ConclusionThese findings indicated that CPE1 has powerful nutrients with antioxidant and antibacterial properties—the potency of which is impacted by the preparation process

Chlorogenic acid in green bean coffee on body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Background Supplemental green bean coffee extract (GBCE) with caffeine has been shown to prevent weight gain. There are different dosages of GBCE that contain chlorogenic acid (CGA), and the data for their effectiveness in preventing weight gain (500 mg/day) is currently out of date. To better understand the effects of GBCE containing CGA on body weight, the present study sets out to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies. Methods Using electronic databases, including Scopus, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases, literature was searched up to October 13, 2022. For the meta-analysis examining the impact of GBCE containing CGA (500 mg/day) on body weight with a random-effects model, the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were considered. We calculated weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). To gauge study heterogeneity, the Cochran Q statistic and I-squared tests (I 2) were employed. Results The meta-analysis includes three RCTs with 103 individuals (case = 51, control = 52). The combined findings of GBCE with CGA at least 500 mg/day result in body weight reduction (WMD: − 1.30 and 95% CI: − 2.07 to − 0.52, p = 0.001) without study heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%, p = 0.904) and without publication bias estimated using Egger’s and Begger’s test (p = 0.752 and p = 0.602, respectively). Conclusions According to the meta-analysis, GBCE with CGA 500 mg/day lowers body weight. Nevertheless, despite its limited sample size and short-term study, this study was successful. Long-term research on the effectiveness and safety of GBCE and CGA on body weight require more clinical trials. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42021254916

Spirogyra neglecta inhibits the absorption and synthesis of cholesterol in vitro

Background: Spirogyra neglecta (SN) has many nutritional benefits and it is commonly used to ameliorate different human conditions including inflammation, gastric ulcer, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. However, the mechanism of the hypocholesterolemic effect of SN still remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of SN extract particularly on cholesterol absorption and synthesis mechanisms. Methods: For cholesterol absorption, the uptake of cholesterol was measured by using tritium radiolabeling of cholesterol in Caco-2 cells. Bile acid binding, micelles size, and cholesterol solubility were analyzed in in vitro assays, while cholesterol synthesis was evaluated by using a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase assay kit. Results: SN extract was found to decrease cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells and decreased the solubility of cholesterol in micelles. The SN extract bound to taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, and glycodeoxycholate bile acids, and increased micelles size. SN has also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) enzymatic activity. For further experimentation, the treatment combination of SN and ezetimibe (0.04 mg/mL) showed a greater significant reduction in cholesterol uptake than the extract alone. Conclusion: These observations suggested that inhibitory cholesterol absorption effects of SN could be mediated through the modulation of size and solubility of cholesterol micelles, resulting in interference of cholesterol uptake. In addition, SN inhibited the rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis. This study provides supporting evidence for the potential usage of SN as a cholesterol lowering agent

Shifting of physicochemical and biological characteristics of coffee roasting under ultrasound-assisted extraction

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is an effective tool for the extraction of natural antioxidants. Thus, differentially roasted Arabica-coffee beans known as light (LC), medium (MC), and dark coffee (DC) were prepared and extracted under the influence of UAE. Following that, they were examined specifically on theirs physicochemical and biological characteristics: nutritional values, pH, °Brix, antioxidant activities, polyphenol content, caffeine, and chlorogenic-acid levels. Various parameters, such as extraction temperatures (20, 40, and 80°C) and extraction time periods (5, 10, and 20 min), were examined. DC extract was less acidic than those on MC and LC extracts. LC showed higher moisture content than the MC and DC (1.56, 1.3, and 0.92%, respectively). MC displayed the highest polyphenol content and potent antioxidant activity. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents trend to decrease during roasting. The maximum caffeine level was found in MC at 80°C for 5 min (27.65 mg/g extract). The highest chlorogenic acid content was in LC at 80°C for 10 min (16.67 mg/g extract). The caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents were related to the polyphenol content and depended on the roasting and extraction conditions. These results suggest that the UAE at various temperature and extraction time period may alter the physicochemical and biological characteristics of different coffee roasts

Antispasmodic Effect of Asperidine B, a Pyrrolidine Derivative, through Inhibition of L-Type Ca2+ Channel in Rat Ileal Smooth Muscle

Antispasmodic agents are used for modulating gastrointestinal motility. Several compounds isolated from terrestrial plants have antispasmodic properties. This study aimed to explore the inhibitory effect of the pyrrolidine derivative, asperidine B, isolated from the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178, on spasmodic activity. Isolated rat ileum was set up in an organ bath. The contractile responses of asperidine B (0.3 to 30 µM) on potassium chloride and acetylcholine-induced contractions were recorded. To investigate its antispasmodic mechanism, CaCl2, acetylcholine, Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), nifedipine, methylene blue and tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) were tested in the absence or in the presence of asperidine B. Cumulative concentrations of asperidine B reduced the ileal contraction by ~37%. The calcium chloride and acetylcholine-induced ileal contraction was suppressed by asperidine B. The effects of asperidine B combined with nifedipine, atropine or TEA were similar to those treated with nifedipine, atropine or TEA, respectively. In contrast, in the presence of l-NAME and methylene blue, the antispasmodic effect of asperidine B was unaltered. These results suggest that the antispasmodic property of asperidine B is probably due to the blockage of the L-type Ca2+ channel and is associated with K+ channels and muscarinic receptor, possibly by affecting non-selective cation channels and/or releasing intracellular calcium

Anti-Influenza with Green Tea Catechins: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Influenza is one of the most serious respiratory viral infections worldwide. Although several studies have reported that green tea catechins (GTCs) might prevent influenza virus infection, this remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of eight studies with 5048 participants that examined the effect of GTC administration on influenza prevention. In a random-effects meta-analysis of five RCTs, 884 participants treated with GTCs showed statistically significant effects on the prevention of influenza infection compared to the control group (risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% CIs 0.51–0.89, p = 0.005) without evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 0.629). Similarly, in three cohort studies with 2223 participants treated with GTCs, there were also statistically significant effects (RR 0.52, 95% CIs 0.35–0.77, p = 0.001) with very low evidence of heterogeneity (I2 = 3%, p = 0.358). Additionally, the overall effect in the subgroup analysis of gargling and orally ingested items (taking capsules and drinking) showed a pooled RR of 0.62 (95% CIs 0.49–0.77, p = 0.003) without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, p = 0.554). There were no obvious publication biases (Egger’s test (p = 0.138) and Begg’s test (p = 0.103)). Our analysis suggests that green tea consumption is effective in the prophylaxis of influenza infections. To confirm the findings before implementation, longitudinal clinical trials with specific doses of green tea consumption are warranted

Additional file 1 of Chlorogenic acid in green bean coffee on body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Additional file 1: Table S1. Search algorithms

Image_1_Botanical aspects, phytochemicals, and toxicity of Tamarindus indica leaf and a systematic review of antioxidant capacities of T. indica leaf extracts.tif

Oxidative stress is a condition occurs when there is the imbalance between prooxidants and free radicals. It involves in cellular metabolism, aging, and immune response. Recently oxidative stress has been proved about its beneficial roles in human body. However, long term oxidative stress and high concentration of free radicals can lead to negative effects on organs, systems, and physiological conditions. Prooxidant or antioxidant, therefore, is one of the most important choices for the prevention of these anomaly. Tamarindus indica is a medicinal plant that has been reported as a source of antioxidants. The plants' leaves possess antioxidant effects according to many studies. However, these results have not yet been systematically summarized. The present systematic review summarizes and discusses about the in vitro antioxidant capacities of T. indica leaves. The plants' description and morphology, elements and phytochemical constituents, total phenolic and flavonoids contents and toxicity are also summarized and discussed here.</p