The SURPRISE demonstrator: a super-resolved compressive instrument in the visible and medium infrared for Earth Observation

While Earth Observation (EO) data has become ever more vital to understanding the planet and addressing societal challenges, applications are still limited by revisit time and spatial resolution. Though low Earth orbit missions can achieve resolutions better than 100 m, their revisit time typically stands at several days, limiting capacity to monitor dynamic events. Geostationary (GEO) missions instead typically provide data on an hour-basis but with spatial resolution limited to 1 km, which is insufficient to understand local phenomena. In this paper, we present the SURPRISE project - recently funded in the frame of the H2020 programme – that gathers the expertise from eight partners across Europe to implement a demonstrator of a super-spectral EO payload - working in the visible (VIS) - Near Infrared (NIR) and in the Medium InfraRed (MIR) and conceived to operate from GEO platform -with enhanced performance in terms of at-ground spatial resolution, and featuring innovative on-board data processing and encryption functionalities. This goal will be achieved by using Compressive Sensing (CS) technology implemented via Spatial Light Modulators (SLM). SLM-based CS technology will be used to devise a super-resolution configuration that will be exploited to increase the at-ground spatial resolution of the payload, without increasing the number of detector’s sensing elements at the image plane. The CS approach will offer further advantages for handling large amounts of data, as is the case of superspectral payloads with wide spectral and spatial coverage. It will enable fast on-board processing of acquired data for information extraction, as well as native data encryption on top of native compression. SURPRISE develops two disruptive technologies: Compressive Sensing (CS) and Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). CS optimises data acquisition (e.g. reduced storage and transmission bandwidth requirements) and enables novel onboard processing and encryption functionalities. SLM here implements the CS paradigm and achieves a super-resolution architecture. SLM technology, at the core of the CS architecture, is addressed by: reworking and testing off-the-shelf parts in relevant environment; developing roadmap for a European SLM, micromirror array-type, with electronics suitable for space qualification. By introducing for the first time the concept of a payload with medium spatial resolution (few hundreds of meters) and near continuous revisit (hourly), SURPRISE can lead to a EO major breakthrough and complement existing operational services. CS will address the challenge of large data collection, whilst onboard processing will improve timeliness, shortening time needed to extract information from images and possibly generate alarms. Impact is relevant to industrial competitiveness, with potential for market penetration of the demonstrator and its components

Activation of a High-Valent Manganese–Oxo Complex by a Nonmetallic Lewis Acid

The reaction of a manganese­(V)–oxo porphyrinoid complex with the Lewis acid B­(C₆F₅)₃ leads to reversible stabilization of the valence tautomer Mn^IV(O)­(π-radical cation). The latter complex, in combination with B­(C₆F₅)₃, reacts with ArO–H substrates via formal hydrogen-atom transfer and exhibits dramatically increased reaction rates over the Mn^V(O) starting material

Direct Observation of a Nonheme Iron(IV)−Oxo Complex That Mediates Aromatic C−F Hydroxylation

The synthesis of a pentadentate ligand with strategically designed fluorinated arene groups in the second coordination sphere of a nonheme iron center is reported. The oxidatively resistant fluorine substituents allow for the trapping and characterization of an Fe^IV(O) complex at −20 °C. Upon warming of the Fe^IV(O) complex, an unprecedented arene C–F hydroxylation reaction occurs. Computational studies support the finding that substrate orientation is a critical factor in the observed reactivity. This work not only gives rare direct evidence for the participation of an Fe^IV(O) species in arene hydroxylation but also provides the first example of a high-valent iron–oxo complex that mediates aromatic C–F hydroxylation

Evolution of P450 Monooxygenases toward Formation of Transient Channels and Exclusion of Nonproductive Gases

Gaseous molecules are essential for biological processes, yet mapping the migration of gas molecules into and out of proteins represents a significant challenge. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) contain numerous channels thought to be populated by their substrates, products, solvents, and gases, yet the principles underlying channel preference are unknown. We identified multiple putative ligand migration channels of two bacterial P450s, CYP102A1 (BM3) from <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> and CYP102A5 from <i>Bacillus cereus</i>, using implicit ligand sampling and free molecular dynamics simulations and furthermore characterized the energy of gas migration through each. We observed strong discrimination between preferred gas migration channels, previously identified substrate/product migration channels and water channels, and mapped putative O₂ reservoirs in the enzyme core. The protein backbone dynamics (<i>S</i>² order parameter) unexpectedly revealed that some channels are transient in nature, with subchannels forming and merging and O₂ molecules hopping between subchannels. Finally, we present evidence of the evolution toward O₂ binding in conjunction with protection against inhibitory CO and exclusion of N₂. Our results significantly enhance our understanding of gas migration in proteins and provide insights into the evolution of gas-utilizing enzymes

CCDC 1002935: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures

CCDC 1002934: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures

CCDC 1002933: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures

CCDC 1002936: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world’s repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures