Recent advances of nanofluids in micro/nano scale energy transportation

As the continuing integration and size deflation of component dimensions in electronic circuits and increase in the number of transistors in modern microprocessor chips, especially for heat dissipation of micro/nano scale devise, traditionally used single phase fluid cannot meet the requirements for highly efficient heat transfer, which thus frequently results in the damage of electrical devices. Consequently, thermal conductivity enhancement of working fluids is of great significance for advanced thermal energy conservation and conversion. Nanofluids, which possess a superior thermal conductive performance, are studied towards an alternative to the traditionally used working fluids, have attracted ample attention within the past decades. In this paper, firstly, we summarized the recent progress in the preparation of nanofluids, in particular for a method involving a covalent concerning reorganization or generation; subsequently, the utilization of nanofluids in hitherto unsummerized micro/nano scale heat and mass transfer fields, especially for some chemistry relating applications were discussed. All works demonstrated in this review are aiming at clarifying the fact that advanced material technologies are required in preparation of recent nanofluids on the premise of continuing harsh energy transfer situation; on the other hand, nanofluids were also able to offer insights for novel micro/nano scale energy transportation which has not yet been reviewed before

Detection and differentiation of influenza viruses with glycan-functionalized gold nanoparticles

Accurate diagnosis of influenza viruses is difficult and generally requires a complex process because of viral diversity and rapid mutability. In this study, we report a simple and rapid strategy for the detection and differentiation of influenza viruses using glycan-functionalized gold nanoparticles (gGNPs). This method is based on the aggregation of gGNP probes on the viral surface, which is mediated by the specific binding of the virus to the glycans. Using a set of gGNPs bearing different glycan structures, fourteen influenza virus strains, including the major subtypes currently circulating in human and avian populations, were readily differentiated from each other and from a human respiratory syncytial virus in a single-step colorimetric procedure. The results presented here demonstrate the potential of this gGNP-based system in the development of convenient and portable sensors for the clinical diagnosis and surveillance of influenza viruses.</p