Sheepskin Effects in Japan

Using data for the 1990’s, this paper examines the role of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for Japan. Our estimation results indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50% of the total returns to schooling. We further find that sheepskin effect are only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the US. Finally, the estimated sheepskin effects are decreasing with firm tenure, in particular for small firms. These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes university diploma as a screening device unimportant for large firms.Returns to Education, Sheepskin Effects, Japan

Sheepskin Effects in Japan

Using data for the 1990?s, this paper examines the role of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for Japan. Our estimations indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50% of the total returns to schooling. We further find that sheepskin effects are only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the US. These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes the university diploma as a screening device unimportant for large firms

Protein Diffusion in Mammalian Cell Cytoplasm

We introduce a new method for mesoscopic modeling of protein diffusion in an entire cell. This method is based on the construction of a three-dimensional digital model cell from confocal microscopy data. The model cell is segmented into the cytoplasm, nucleus, plasma membrane, and nuclear envelope, in which environment protein motion is modeled by fully numerical mesoscopic methods. Finer cellular structures that cannot be resolved with the imaging technique, which significantly affect protein motion, are accounted for in this method by assigning an effective, position-dependent porosity to the cell. This porosity can also be determined by confocal microscopy using the equilibrium distribution of a non-binding fluorescent protein. Distinction can now be made within this method between diffusion in the liquid phase of the cell (cytosol/nucleosol) and the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm. Here we applied the method to analyze fluorescence recovery after photobleach (FRAP) experiments in which the diffusion coefficient of a freely-diffusing model protein was determined for two different cell lines, and to explain the clear difference typically observed between conventional FRAP results and those of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). A large difference was found in the FRAP experiments between diffusion in the cytoplasm/nucleoplasm and in the cytosol/nucleosol, for all of which the diffusion coefficients were determined. The cytosol results were found to be in very good agreement with those by FCS

Sheepskin Effects in Japan

Using data for the 1990 ?s,this paper examines the role of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for Japan.Our estimation results indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50%of the total returns to schooling.We further find that sheepskin effect are only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the US.Finally,the estimated sheepskin effects are decreasing with firm tenure,in particular for small firms.These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes university diploma as a screening device unimportant for large firms

Sheepskin Effects in Japan

Using data for the 1990s, this Paper examines the role of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for Japan. Our estimations indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50% of the total returns to schooling. We further find that sheepskin effects are only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the US. These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes the university diploma unimportant as a screening device for large firms.Japan; returns to education; sheepskin effects

Sheepskin effect in Japan

'Using data for the 1990's, this paper examines the role of sheepskin effects in the returns to education for Japan. Our estimation results indicate that sheepskin effects explain about 50 per cent of the total returns to schooling. We further find that sheepskin effects are only important for workers in small firms with the size of these effects being similar to comparable estimates for the US. Finally, the estimated sheepskin effects are decreasing with firm tenure, in particular for small firms. These results could be explained by the particular recruitment system of large firms in Japan, which makes university diploma as a screening device unimportant for large firms.' (author's abstract)'Der so genannte Sheepskin Effect besagt, dass der schulische/ universitaere Abschluss einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das spaetere Einkommen hat, waehrend die fuer diesen Abschluss benoetigte Zeit eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Fuer Japan errechnet sich ein durchschnittlicher Anteil dieses Effekts von 50 Prozent am Ertrag der schulischen Ausbildung. Dabei liegen die Werte fuer die einzelnen Abschluesse unter US-Vergleichswerten. In Japan sind vor allem Beschaeftigte kleinerer Unternehmen vom Sheepskin Effect betroffen, weil grosse ihre Arbeitskraefte bereits vor deren Universitaetsabschluss durch Tests und Interviews rekrutieren. Die Bedeutung des erworbenen Abschlusses nimmt mit der Dauer der Betriebszugehoerigkeit ab, weil die beobachtete Produktivitaet des Arbeitnehmers dann offenbar hoeher bewertet wird als seine gemaess Abschluss vermutete.' (Autorenreferat)German title: Der Sheepskin Effect in JapanSIGLEAvailable from Rheinisch-Westfaelisches Institut fuer Wirtschaftsforschung e.V. -RWI-, Essen (DE) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman

Minority and majority pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance associated with failure of first-line nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor antiretroviral therapy in Kenyan women

Objectives: Among women initiating first-line nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based-ART with and without a history of single-dose nevirapine (sdNVP) with or without zidovudine with or without lamivudine (ZDV with and without 3TC) for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT), we hypothesized that pre-ART HIV-drug resistance would be associated with virologic failure Design/methods: In a prospectively enrolled study, three genotypic drug-resistance assays [oligonucleotide-ligation-assay (OLA), consensus sequencing, and next-generation sequencing by Illumina] were retrospectively performed to detect pre-ART drug resistance. Minority or majority drug-resistant variants identified in pre-ART RNA and/or DNA, a history of antiretrovirals for PMTCT, and other risk factors were assessed for association with virologic failure. Results:Failure occurred in 38/169 (22.5%) women, and was associated with pre-ART drug resistance detected by any assay (OLA of plasma or PBMC, consensus sequencing of PBMC and/or plasma, and next-generation sequencing of PBMC at frequencies of at least 10% and as minority variants; all P Conclusion: Pre-ART drug resistance was detected similarly by OLA of PBMC or plasma and by consensus sequencing, and was associated with virologic failure soon after initiation of first-line NVP-based ART. A history of sdNVP and ZDV with or without 3TC for PMTCT or minority variants detected by next-generation sequencing identified additional women with failure. These findings emphasize the value of assessing individual antiretroviral history, particularly nonsuppressive antiretrovirals with at least two drug classes, and testing for pre-ART drug resistance, including minority variants