Fecal calprotectin as a diagnostic marker of inflammatory process in the intestinal mucosa in preterm infants with perinatal pathology

Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a heterocomplex calcium- and zinc-binding protein that exhibits bactericidal, fungicidal and immunomodulatory properties, performs regulatory functions in inflammatory reactions, and has a beneficial effect on the protection of the body in physiologically normal environments, such as the intestinal ecosystem, in healthy infants during the first weeks of life [Kapel N, 2010; Li F, 2015; Lychkovska OL, 2015; Koninckx CR, 2021]. FC is released from cells under stress or damage and enters the feces and reflects the transepithelial migration of neutrophils to the intestinal lumen, is a marker of intestinal inflammation and allows to differentiate irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease [Li F, 2015; Katzinger J, 2020]. FC is mainly derived from granulocytes, its concentration is directly proportional to the degree of transepithelial migration of granulocytes or newly recruited macrophages to the intestinal tract. Thus, the increased concentration of FC may be the result of higher intestinal permeability, the establishment of intestinal flora, as the infant's body has not yet developed the ability to regulate it, the response to nutritional antigens, as well as the colonization of the intestine with commensal microbes that help prevent intestinal infections and block the interaction between pathogens and host cells [Savino F, 2010; Kapel N, 2010]

Problems of studying ukrainian as a foreign language

This research is done to identify, which factors cause most verbal factors paraverbal factors difficulties in studying Ukrainian language for foreign students. It has nonverbal factors foreign students been found out that nonverbal and paraverbal factors are the most difficultfor understanding and learning. That it is why it is not enough to learn only words and grammar to study Ukrainian language. Social and cultural education of foreigners seems to be also very important, as it helps to adapt theoretical knowledge and to upgrade their communicative competence. That’s why studying Ukrainian culture, history and mentality should be included into educational program of foreign students