Combinations of select menhaden fish meal and spray-dried plasma protein in the transition diet (11 to 15 lb) for the early-weaned pig

Early-weaned pigs (weaned at 7 to 14 d of age) that are managed in a conventional, one-site production system require a more complex diet in the transition phase (11 to 15 lb) than early-weaned pigs that are managed in a segregated early weaning (SEW), multiple-site, production system.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 16, 199

The effects of substituting spray-dried whole egg from egg grading plants for spray-dried plasma protein in phase I diets

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing spray-dried plasma protein with spray-dried whole egg from egg grading plants on starter pig performance. Up to 50% (3.5% of the diet) of spray-dried plasma protein can be replaced with spraydried whole egg (6% of the diet) without influencing performance of starter pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 16, 199

Interactions among lactose, spray-dried animal plasma, and soybean meal levels may affect segregated early-weaned pigs

Pigs weaned in a segregated early weaning (SEW) environment achieved maximum performance when fed a sequence of diets containing a gradual decrease in spray-dried animal plasma. Furthermore, pigs weaned at approximately 19 days responded positively to 20% soybean meal. Increased levels of lactose enhanced the increases in performance from soybean meal.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 16, 199

Evaluation of the effects of wheat gluten source and animal plasma blends on the growth performance of nursery pigs

A total of 472 weanling pigs (initially 13.5 lb) were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects of wheat gluten source (WG) and combinations with spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) on growth performance of nursery pigs. In Exp. 1, the five dietary treatments included a control diet containing 6% SDAP, wheat gluten that was enzymatically hydrolyzed (Source 1), and a non-hydrolyzed wheat gluten (Source 2). The wheat gluten sources replaced L-lysine HCl and replaced 50% or 100% of the spray-dried animal plasma. From d 0 to 7, 7 to 14, and 0 to 21, increasing wheat gluten decreased (linear; P\u3c0.05) ADG. There were no differences between wheat gluten sources. Average daily feed intake decreased similar to ADG, with the exception that ADFI of pigs fed wheat gluten Source 2 had only a slight decreasing trend (P\u3c0.11) from d 0 to 7. Pigs fed the diet containing 6% SDAP had the greatest ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 21. When the SDAP was replaced with either wheat gluten source, ADG and ADFI linearly decreased (P\u3c0.01) but F/G improved (P\u3c0.04). When pigs were fed the common diet from d 21 to 35, there were no differences (P\u3c0.05) in ADG, ADFI or F/G. In Exp. 2, the six dietary treatments included a negative control with no SDAP or WG (0:0 ratio), 9% WG (100:0 ratio), 6.75% WG and 1.25% SDAP (75:25 ratio) combination, 4.5% WG and 2.5% SDAP (50:50 ratio) combination, 2.25% WG and 3.75% SDAP (25:75 ratio) combination, and a positive control with 5% SDAP (0:100 ratio). The wheat gluten (Source 1) was enzymatically hydrolyzed, but from a different lot than Exp. 1. From d 0 to 14, pigs fed 6% SDAP had numerically greater ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the negative control diet. However, replacing SDAP with increasing amounts of WG tended to decrease (P\u3c0.10) ADG and ADFI. These results confirm the improved ADG and ADFI of pigs fed SDAP immediately after weaning. In these experiments, replacing SDAP with WG resulted in decreased ADG.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 14, 200

Effect of Sow Lactation Crate Size on Litter Performance and Survivability

A total of 529 litters of pigs (PIC TR4 × (Fast LW × PIC L02)) were used to examine the effect of sow lactation crate size on nursing pig litter performance and survivability. The sow portion of the farrowing crate was maintained at a constant length and width of 7.4 and 2.0 ft, respectively. To form the treatments, crate width was adjusted accordingly, taking space away from one sow’s crate to give it to another allowing for 3 crate widths: 4.8 (small), 5.4 (medium), and 6.0 ft (large). This allowed for blocks of 3 crates, where each treatment was represented. Sows were loaded into individual lactation crates at random, balancing for parity across treatments. Cross fostering occurred within 24 h of farrowing prior to obtaining d 1 litter weight in effort to equalize litter size across treatments. Data were analyzed using generalized mixed models where treatment was a fixed effect and block was a random effect. Born alive, piglets weaned, and pre-weaning mortality, were all fitted using a binomial distribution.Regardless of treatment, there was no evidence of differences in total piglets born (14.3), percentage of piglets born alive (92.3%), d 1 litter weight after cross fostering (40.0 lb), litter weaning weight (145.9 lb), litter ADG (5.4 lb/d), or number of piglets weaned (10.7). In addition, no evidence for differences was observed in the percentage piglets weaned (80.9%) or pre-weaning mortality (19.1%). In conclusion, increasing lactation crate size did not impact litter performance or pig survivability in this study

Effects of Increasing Dietary Lysine on Performance of Lactating Sows in Commercial Conditions

A total of 710 mixed parity sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a 21-d study to determine the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) intake during lactation on sow and litter performance and subsequent reproductive performance of primiparous and multiparous sows housed in a commercial production system. On d 112 of gestation, females were weighed and blocked by BW within expected farrowing date and parity (1 to 7) and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments within blocks. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and consisted of increasing SID Lys (0.75, 0.90, 1.05, and 1.20%). Treatments were formulated by increasing both crystalline Lys and soybean meal to maintain a similar soybean meal to crystalline Lys ratio. Other feed-grade amino acids (AA) were added as needed to maintain a similar ratio to Lys across treatments. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC4 requirement estimates. Dietary metabolizable energy was the same across all dietary treatments. Sow BW at weaning increased (quadratic, P = 0.046), and sow BW loss from post-farrow to weaning or d 112 to weaning decreased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.01) as SID Lys increased. Sow backfat loss increased (linear, P = 0.028) as SID Lys increased. Conversely, longissimus muscle depth loss decreased (linear, P = 0.002) as SID Lys increased. Percentage of females bred by d 7 after weaning increased (linear, P = 0.047) as SID Lys increased in parity 1 sows, with no difference in parity 2 or 3+ sows. Litter weight at d 17 and litter gain from d 2 to 17 increased (quadratic, P = 0.01) as SID Lys was increased up to 1.05%, with no improvement thereafter. For subsequent litter characteristics, there were no differences in total born, percentage born alive, stillborn, or mummies. In conclusion, our results suggest that increasing dietary SID Lys can reduce sow protein loss in lactation. The optimal level of dietary SID Lys required by the sow may vary based on response criteria and parity

National Case-Control Study of Kaposi\u27s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia in Homosexual Men: Part 1. Epidemiologic Results

To identify risk factors for the occurrence of Kaposi\u27s sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men, we conducted a case-control study in New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Atlanta. Fifty patients (cases) (39 with Kaposi\u27s sarcoma, 8 with pneumocystis pneumonia, and 3 with both) and 120 matched homosexual male controls (from sexually transmitted disease clinics and private medical practices) participated in the study. The variable most strongly associated with illness was a larger number of male sex partners per year (median, 61 for patients; 27 and 25 for clinic and private practice controls, respectively). Compared with controls, cases were also more likely to have been exposed to feces during sex, have had syphilis and non-B hepatitis, have been treated for enteric parasites, and have used various illicit substances. Certain aspects of a lifestyle shared by a subgroup of the male homosexual population are associated with an increased risk of Kaposi\u27s sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia

The effects of substituting spray-dried whole egg from egg grading plants for spray-dried plasma protein in phase I diets

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing spray-dried plasma protein with spray-dried whole egg from egg grading plants on starter pig performance. Up to 50% (3.5% of the diet) of spray-dried plasma protein can be replaced with spraydried whole egg (6% of the diet) without influencing performance of starter pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 16, 199

Effects of Timing and Amount of Feed Prior to Farrowing on Sow and Litter Performance Under Commercial Conditions

A total of 727 mixed parity (mean = 3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and size of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (d 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to 1 of 3 feeding management strategies until farrowing: 1) 6.0 lb lacta­tion diet (1.15% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 1,150 kcal/lb NE) once daily at 0700 h; 2) 4 daily meals of 1.5 lb (0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, 1900 h); 3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, and 1900 h. After farrowing, all sows were provided lactation diet ad libitum until weaning. Data were analyzed for treatment effects within parity category in a mixed model with block as a random effect. Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight loss (P = 0.077) and reduce backfat loss (P = 0.003) from entry into the farrowing house until weaning compared to sows fed 4 daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P = 0.064) in sows fed ad libitum or 4 times daily prior to farrowing compared to sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P = 0.050) in sows fed ad libitum before farrowing compared to those fed one meal, with those fed 4 times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However, from 24 h after farrowing to weaning, sows fed one daily meal prior to farrowing had an increased (P = 0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared to sows fed ad libitum, and increased (P = 0.027) preweaning mortality compared to sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P = 0.006) weaned percentage compared to sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for difference (P \u3e 0.10) in subsequent reproductive performance regardless of treatment. In conclusion, when sows were fed ad libitum from 2 to 3 days before farrowing there was an observed improvement in sow body weight and backfat maintenance, and piglet weaning weight during lactation. Increased frequency of meals prior to farrowing improved the survival of pigs to weaning compared to sows fed a single meal prior to farrowing

Efficacy of Feed Additives Against Swine Viruses in Feed

Research has demonstrated that swine viruses can be transmitted via feed. There­fore, strategies are needed to prevent or mitigate swine viruses in feed. The use of chemical feed additives is a strategy that has been shown to have potential utility for this purpose. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercially available formaldehyde-based feed additive, medium chain fatty acid blend (MCFA), and commercially available fatty acid-based products for mitigation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as viral mitigants in a feed matrix. Experimental treatments consisted of: 1) non-treated, individually inoculated virus controls (positive control); 2) 0.33% commercial formaldehyde-based product (Sal Curb; Kemin Industries, Inc.; Des Moines, IA); 3) 0.50% MCFA blend (1:1:1 ratio of C6:0, C8:0, and C10:0, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); 4) 0.25%; 5) 0.50%; or 6) 1.00% of commercial dry mono and diglyceride-based product (Furst Strike; Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL); 7) 0.25%; 8) 0.50%; or 9) 1.00% of commercial dry mono and diglyceride-based product (Furst Protect; Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL); 10) 0.25%; 11) 0.50%; or 12) 1.00% dry mono and diglyceride-based experimental product (Furst-McNess Company, Freeport, IL). In total there were 12 treatments with 3 replications per treat­ment. A complete swine feed was treated with each chemical treatment before inocula­tion with 106 TCID50/g of feed with PEDV or PRRSV. Post-inoculation feed was held at ambient temperature for 24 h before being analyzed via quantitative real time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The analyzed values represent the cycle threshold (Ct). A lower Ct value indicates a higher level of detectable viral nucleic acid. Formaldehyde and MCFA decreased (P \u3c 0.05) the detectable RNA concentration of PEDV and PRRSV compared to all other treatments. Furst Strike, Furst Protect, and the experi­mental product did not significantly reduce detectable concentrations of RNA for PEDV or PRRSV. In conclusion, MCFA and formaldehyde chemical treatments are effective at reducing nucleic acid levels of PEDV and PRRSV in feed