11 research outputs found
Fabrication and characterization of low loss photonic crystal waveguides based on InP substrate
Characterization and analysis of low loss two dimensional InP-based photonic crystal waveguides
Propagation loss measurements and Fabry-PĂ©rot mode analysis using out-of-plane light scattering in photonic crystals waveguides
Internal light source technique free from reabsorption losses for optical characterization of planar photonic crystals
Optical properties of planar photonic crystals measured by an internal light source technique exempt from reabsorption losses
Health consequences of environmental exposures: causal thinking in global environmental epidemiology
The 2010 Global Burden of Disease estimates indicate a trend toward increasing years lived with disability from chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Risk factors examined included smoking, diet, alcohol, drug abuse, and physical inactivity. By contrast, little consideration was given to accumulating evidence that exposures to environmental chemicals, psychosocial stress, and malnutrition during fetal development and across the life span also increase risk of NCDs. To address this gap, we undertook a narrative review of early-life environmental contributions to disease. We documented numerous etiologic associations. We propose that future GBD estimates use an expanded approach for assessing etiologic contributions of environmental exposures to recognized disease risk factors. We argue that broadening the definition of environmental disease, together with improved methods of assessing early life exposures and their health outcomes across the life span, will allow better understanding of causal associations and provide the incentives required to support strategies to control avoidable exposures and reduce disease risk