227 research outputs found
An Immodest Proposal: AI, LLMs, and the Case for a Standalone Legal Research Requirement
The legal research course is over a century old. As a law school subject, it predates many doctrinal courses, as well as the advent of clinical legal education. It is several decades older than its sister subject, legal writing. In spite of its age and obvious importance, the place of the legal research course in the law school curriculum remains contested. While some law faculties recognize the value of legal research instruction and require a standalone legal research course in the first year, the vast majority combine it with legal writing (often over the objections of legal writing instructors and law librarians alike) and/or periodically offer it as an upper-level elective under the misleading title âadvanced legal researchâ (misleading because it is typically the law studentâs introduction to the formal study of legal research).
In recent months, amidst the hype surrounding LLM-based chatbots like ChatGPT and their legal counterparts, such as CoCounsel and Harvey, there has been much speculation about a future in which so-called âAI-poweredâ law practice technologies âdo your legal research and writing for you.â But what if these new technologies actually make legal research more, not less, important. While AI products will soon generate passable legal documents, the Rules of Professional Conduct will continue to require that a human attorney take responsibility for the resulting documents, and these human attorneys will still need to do legal research to (re)familiarize themselves with the legal issues contained in these documents in order to competently file, execute, or advocate for the adoption of the arguments contained in them, as well as to break with the AI system when it fails to properly serve their clients. If this is the case, the legal research course, which already encompasses legal information literacy, technology evaluation, and prompt construction, will inevitably become a core part of the law school curriculum.
Can the advent of LLM-based tools be used to reimagine the legal research course and its place in the law school curriculum? This panel of legal research instructors and law librarians will explore this distinct possibility, mapping a new legal research curriculum in which we teach LLM-based tools rather than fear them, and the critical evaluation of legal information, including legal technologies, is front and center. Panelists will discuss curricular changes that incorporate instruction in the informed use of LLM-based tools, envisioning them as a high-tech template or latter-day form that invigorates legal research, in order to better prepare law students to work with these tools throughout their careers
Extensive degeneracy, Coulomb phase and magnetic monopoles in an artificial realization of the square ice model
Artificial spin ice systems have been introduced as a possible mean to
investigate frustration effects in a well-controlled manner by fabricating
lithographically-patterned two-dimensional arrangements of interacting magnetic
nanostructures. This approach offers the opportunity to visualize
unconventional states of matter, directly in real space, and triggered a wealth
of studies at the frontier between nanomagnetism, statistical thermodynamics
and condensed matter physics. Despite the strong efforts made these last ten
years to provide an artificial realization of the celebrated square ice model,
no simple geometry based on arrays of nanomagnets succeeded to capture the
macroscopically degenerate ground state manifold of the corresponding model.
Instead, in all works reported so far, square lattices of nanomagnets are
characterized by a magnetically ordered ground state consisting of local
flux-closure configurations with alternating chirality. Here, we show
experimentally and theoretically, that all the characteristics of the square
ice model can be observed if the artificial square lattice is properly
designed. The spin configurations we image after demagnetizing our arrays
reveal unambiguous signatures of an algebraic spin liquid state characterized
by the presence of pinch points in the associated magnetic structure factor.
Local excitations, i.e. classical analogues of magnetic monopoles, are found to
be free to evolve in a massively degenerated, divergence-free vacuum. We thus
provide the first lab-on-chip platform allowing the investigation of collective
phenomena, including Coulomb phases and ice-like physics.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figure
Topology by Design in Magnetic nano-Materials: Artificial Spin Ice
Artificial Spin Ices are two dimensional arrays of magnetic, interacting
nano-structures whose geometry can be chosen at will, and whose elementary
degrees of freedom can be characterized directly. They were introduced at first
to study frustration in a controllable setting, to mimic the behavior of spin
ice rare earth pyrochlores, but at more useful temperature and field ranges and
with direct characterization, and to provide practical implementation to
celebrated, exactly solvable models of statistical mechanics previously devised
to gain an understanding of degenerate ensembles with residual entropy. With
the evolution of nano--fabrication and of experimental protocols it is now
possible to characterize the material in real-time, real-space, and to realize
virtually any geometry, for direct control over the collective dynamics. This
has recently opened a path toward the deliberate design of novel, exotic
states, not found in natural materials, and often characterized by topological
properties. Without any pretense of exhaustiveness, we will provide an
introduction to the material, the early works, and then, by reporting on more
recent results, we will proceed to describe the new direction, which includes
the design of desired topological states and their implications to kinetics.Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, 116 references, Book Chapte
Military Training Mission in Iraq: An Exploratory Case Study Research
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how military training is being
conducted by NATO coalition forces in Iraq. Thus, the intent of this paper is to discuss
the implications of existing misalignments between the military forces that are
providing the training and those receiving it. To that end, we have used an exploratory
case study research, which included multiple sources of data collection for corroboration
and triangulation purposes. The results that emerged from the content analysis
showed two types of outcomes that may be relevant to improve the military training
in Iraq. The first outcome is identified as the intangible actions, which were mainly
focused on social relations, with the intent of narrowing the cultural gap between
the international coalition and Iraqi forces. Without surprising, a second outcome is
identified as tangible actions, which were associated with training programs and the
establishment of tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) relevant to small and
medium military units. Future research should focus on programs of âtraining the
trainersâ in order to develop long-term teaching and move forward with sustainable
Iraqi Security Forces (ISF).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Treatment of Periodontitis by Local Administration of Minocycline Microspheres: A Controlled Trial
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141491/1/jper1535.pd
Vitamin C: Intravenous Use by Complementary and Alternative Medicine Practitioners and Adverse Effects
Background: Anecdotal information and case reports suggest that intravenously administered vitamin C is used by Complementary and Alternate Medicine (CAM) practitioners. The scale of such use in the U.S. and associated side effects are unknown. Methods and Findings: We surveyed attendees at annual CAM Conferences in 2006 and 2008, and determined sales of intravenous vitamin C by major U.S. manufacturers/distributors. We also queried practitioners for side effects, compiled published cases, and analyzed FDAâs Adverse Events Database. Of 199 survey respondents (out of 550), 172 practitioners administered IV vitamin C to 11,233 patients in 2006 and 8876 patients in 2008. Average dose was 28 grams every 4 days, with 22 total treatments per patient. Estimated yearly doses used (as 25g/50ml vials) were 318,539 in 2006 and 354,647 in 2008. Manufacturers â yearly sales were 750,000 and 855,000 vials, respectively. Common reasons for treatment included infection, cancer, and fatigue. Of 9,328 patients for whom data is available, 101 had side effects, mostly minor, including lethargy/fatigue in 59 patients, change in mental status in 21 patients and vein irritation/phlebitis in 6 patients. Publications documented serious adverse events, including 2 deaths in patients known to be at risk for IV vitamin C. Due to confounding causes, the FDA Adverse Events Database was uninformative. Total numbers of patients treated in the US with high dose vitamin C cannot be accurately estimated from this study
âItâs for us ânewcomers, LGBTQ persons, and HIV-positive persons. You feel free to beâ: a qualitative study exploring social support group participation among African and Caribbean lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender newcomers and refugees in Toronto, Canada
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