15 research outputs found

    An Approach to Calculate and Visualize Intraoperative Scattered Radiation Exposure

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    During the intraoperative radiograph generation process with mobile image intensifier systems (C-arm) most of the radiation exposure for patient, surgeon and operation room personal is caused by scattered radiation. The intensity and propagation of scattered radiation depend on different parameters, e.g. the intensity of the primary radiation, and the positioning of the mobile image intensifier. Exposure through scattered radiation can be minimized when all these parameters are adjusted correctly. Because radiation is potentially dangerous and could not be perceived by any human sense the current education on correct adjustment of a C-arm is designed very theoretical. This paper presents an approach of scattered radiation calculation and visualization embedded in a computer based training system for mobile image intensifier systems called virtX. With the help of this extension the virtX training system should enrich the current radiation protection training with visual and practical training aspects

    Differentiation dependent expression of urocortin’s mRNA and peptide in human osteoprogenitor cells: influence of BMP-2, TGF-beta-1 and dexamethasone

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    Urocortin-1 (UCN) a corticotropin releasing-factor (CRF) related peptide, has been found to be expressed in many different tissues like the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. The effects of UCN are mediated via stimulation of CRF-receptors 1 and 2 (CRFR1 and 2, CRFR’s) with a high affinity for CRFR2. It has been shown that the CRF-related peptides and CRFR’s are involved in the regulation of stress-related endocrine, autonomic and behavioural responses. Using immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and RT–PCR, we now can show the differentiation dependent expression of UCN mRNA and peptide in human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs) directed to the osteoblastic phenotype for the first time. UCN expression was down regulated by TGF-beta and BMP-2 in the early proliferation phase of osteoblast development, whereas dexamethasone (dex) minimally induced UCN gene expression during matrix maturation after 24 h stimulation. Stimulation of MSCs for 28 days with ascorbate/beta-glycerophosphate (asc/bGp) induced UCN gene expression at day 14. This effect was prevented when using 1,25-vitamin D3 or dex in addition. There was no obvious correlation to osteocalcin (OCN) gene expression in these experiments. In MSCs from patients with metabolic bone disease (n = 9) UCN gene expression was significantly higher compared to MSCs from normal controls (n = 6). Human MSCs did not express any of the CRFR’s during differentiation to osteoblasts. Our results indicate that UCN is produced during the development of MSCs to osteoblasts and differentially regulated during culture as well as by differentiation factors. The expression is maximal between proliferation and matrix maturation phase. However, UCN does not seem to act on the osteoblast itself as shown by the missing CRFR’s. Our results suggest new perspectives on the role of urocortin in human skeletal tissue in health and disease

    Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients

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    Spinal injuries in children and adolescents are rare injuries, but consequences for the growing skeleton can be devastating. Knowledge of accident causes, clinical symptoms and diagnostics should be part of every trauma department treating the sepatients. We retrospectively analyzed patients with radiographically proven vertebral fractures of the spine. After clinical examination and tentative diagnosis the fractures and injuries were proven with conventional X-ray, computed tomography(CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The study included 890 fractures in 546 patients with an average age of 12.8±6.2 (6.6-19.4) years. Females had anaverage age of 13.7±6.3 (7.4-20.0) years, whereas males were on average 12.0 (6.0-18.0) years old. Fall from height (58%) wasthe main cause of accident and the most common region of fracture was the thoracolumbar spine with a shift towards the thoracic spine the more fractures occurred. Merely 3.7% of all patients required operative treatment. If a vertebral fracture is found in children and adolescents, it is highly recommended to exclude synchronous additional spine fractures in other levels; prevention should concentrate on fall and traffic accidents

    Rational Usage of Fracture Imaging in Children and Adolescents

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    In this paper, authors introduce the basic prerequisite for rational, targeted, and above all, child-oriented diagnosis of fractures and dislocations in children and adolescents is in-depth prior knowledge of the special features of trauma in the growth age group. This review summarizes the authors’ many years of experience and the state of the current pediatric traumatology literature. It aims to provide recommendations for rational, child-specific diagnostics appropriate to the child, especially for the area of extremity injuries in the growth age. The plain radiograph remains the indispensable standard in diagnosing fractures and dislocations of the musculoskeletal system in childhood and adolescence. Plain radiographs in two planes are the norm, but in certain situations, one plane is sufficient. X-rays of the opposite side in acute diagnostics are obsolete. Images to show consolidation after conservative treatment is rarely necessary. Before metal removal, however, they are indispensable. The upcoming diagnostical tool in pediatric trauma is ultrasound. More and more studies show that in elected injuries and using standardized protocols, fracture ultrasound is as accurate as plain radiographs to detect and control osseous and articular injuries. In acute trauma, CT scans have only a few indications, especially in epiphyseal fractures in adolescents, such as transitional fractures of the distal tibia or coronal shear fractures of the distal humerus. CT protocols must be adapted to children and adolescents to minimize radiation exposure. MRI has no indication in the detection or understanding of acute fractures in infants and children. It has its place in articular injuries of the knee and shoulder to show damage to ligaments, cartilage, and other soft tissues. Furthermore, MRI is useful in cases of remaining pain after trauma without radiological proof of a fracture and in the visualization of premature closure of growth plates after trauma to plan therapy. Several everyday examples of rational diagnostic workflows, as the authors recommend them, are mentioned. The necessity of radiation protection must be taken into consideration

    virtX: a CBT-system for mobile image intensifier systems to improve the radiation protection training

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    Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die durch röntgentechnische Diagnoseverfahren in der Medizin entstehende Strahlenbelastung fĂŒr Patient und Personal soll laut Strahlenschutzverordnung so gering wie möglich gehalten werden. Um dieses zu erreichen ist ein professioneller und bedachter Umgang mit den RöntgengerĂ€ten unabdingbar. Dieses Verhalten kann derzeit jedoch nur theoretisch vermittelt werden, da sich ein Üben mit realer Strahlung von selbst verbietet. Daher stellt sich die Frage wie man die Strahlenschutzausbildung durch eine verbesserte Vermittlung der komplexen Thematik unterstĂŒtzen kann. Methoden: Das CBT-System (Computer Based Training) virtX, welches das Erlernen der korrekten Handhabung mobiler RöntgengerĂ€te unterstĂŒtzt, wurde um Aspekte aus dem Bereich des Strahlenschutzes erweitert. Es wurde eine prototypische Visualisierung der entstehenden Streustrahlung sowie die Darstellung des Nutzstrahlenganges integriert. Des Weiteren wurde die Berechnung und Anzeige der virtuellen Einfallsdosis fĂŒr das durchstrahlte Volumen sowie fĂŒr den Bereich des BildverstĂ€rkers hinzugefĂŒgt. FĂŒr die Berechnung und Visualisierung all dieser Komponenten werden die in virtX parametrisierbaren C-Bogen-Einstellungen, z.B. Stellung der Blenden, Positionierung des RöntgengerĂ€tes zum durchstrahlten Volumen und StrahlenintensitĂ€t, herangezogen. Das so erweiterte System wurde auf einem dreitĂ€gigen Kurs fĂŒr OP-Personal mit ĂŒber 120 Teilnehmern eingesetzt und auf der Basis von Fragebögen evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Von den Teilnehmern gaben 55 einen ausgefĂŒllten Evaluations-Fragebogen ab (Responserate 82%). Das Durchschnittsalter der 39 weiblichen und 15 mĂ€nnlichen Teilnehmer (einer o.A.) lag bei 33±8 Jahren, die Berufserfahrung bei 9,37±7 Jahren. Die Erfahrung mit dem C-Bogen wurde von einem Teilnehmer (2%) mit „Keine oder bisher nur EinfĂŒhrung erhalten“, von acht Teilnehmern (14%) mit „bediene einen C-Bogen gelegentlich“ und von 46 (84%) mit „bediene einen C-Bogen regelmĂ€ĂŸig“ angegeben. 45 (92%) der Teilnehmer gaben an, durch die Visualisierung der Streustrahlung etwas Neues zur Vermeidung unnötiger Strahlenbelastung dazugelernt zu haben. Schlussfolgerung: Trotz einer bislang nur prototypischen Visualisierung der Streustrahlung können mit virtX zentrale Aspekte und Verhaltensweisen zur Vermeidung unnötiger Strahlenbelastung erfolgreich vermittelt werden und so LĂŒcken der traditionellen Strahlenschutzausbildung geschlossen werden.Background and objectives: The exposure of patient and personal produced by diagnostic medical X-ray techniques should be kept at a minimum according to governmental regulations like the Strahlenschutzverordnung in Germany. To achieve this, a professional and prudent use of the X-ray machine is indispensable. Currently this behavior is only taught theoretically, because training with real radiation is not an option. Therefore the question arises how the education in radiation protection can be supported by a better impartment of the complex topic. Methods: The CBT-system (computer based training) virtX, which supports the learning of the correct handling of mobile image intensifier systems, was extended by certain aspects of the radiation protection field. A prototypic visualization of the resulting scattered radiation as well as a depiction of the path of rays were integrated in the system. Furthermore the calculation and visualization of the virtual entrance dose of the transilluminated volume and of the image intensifier area were added. The calculation and visualization of all these components use the customizable c-arm adjustments, e.g. position of the apertures, adjustment of the image intensifier corresponding to the transilluminated volume and the X-ray intensity. This extended version of the virtX-system was used on a three-day course for OR personnel with over 120 participants and evaluated using questionnaires. Results: 55 of the participants returned a questionnaire (response rate 82%). The average age of the 39 female and 15 mal participants (two n.s.) was 33±8 years, their professional experience was 9,37±7 years. One person (2%) indicated, that he had “no experience in using the c-arm or just got an introduction”, eight participants (14%) indicated, that they “use the c-arm occasionally” and 46 participants (84%) “work regularly with the c-arm”. 45 (92%) of the participants indicated that they learned new things for the avoidance of unnecessary exposure through the visualization of the scattered radiation. Conclusion: Despite the up to now just prototypic visualization of the scattered radiation it was possible to impart certain aspects and behavior patterns for the avoidance of unnecessary exposure in addition to the traditional, rather theoretical education in radiation exposure prevention courses

    Bildgebung bei Kindern und Jugendlichen intraoperativ, bei ausgewÀhlten Frakturen und im Verlauf nach konservativer und operativer Behandlung

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    The indication for radiographic examinations in pediatric and adolescent trauma patients should follow ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). Because of the effect of radiation on the growing sensitive tissues of these young patients, a strict indication should always be given for radiation use and during controls after fracture repair.!##!Methods!#!An online survey by the Pediatric Traumatology Section (SKT) of the German Trauma Society (DGU) from Nov. 15, 2019, to Feb. 29, 2020, targeting trauma, pediatric, and general surgeons and orthopedic surgeons.!##!Results!#!Participants: 788. Intraoperative applications: Collimation 50% always, postprocessing for magnification 40%, pulsed x-ray 47%, and 89% no continuous fluoroscopy; 63% osteosynthesis never directly on image intensifier. Radiographic controls after implant removal never used by 24%. After operated supracondylar humerus fracture, controls are performed up to 6 times. After distal radius greenstick fracture, 40% refrain from further X-ray controls, after conservatively treated clavicular shaft fracture, 55% refrain from further controls, others X-ray several times. After nondisplaced conservatively treated tibial shaft fracture, 63% recommend radiographic control after 1 week in two planes, 24% after 2 weeks, 37% after 4 weeks, and 32% after 6 weeks.!##!Discussion!#!The analysis shows that there is no uniform radiological management of children and adolescents with fractures among the respondents. For some indications for the use of radiography, the benefit does not seem evident. The ALARA principle does not seem to be consistently followed.!##!Conclusion!#!Comparing the documented results of the survey with the consensus results of the SKT, differences are apparent

    Bildgebung nach Unfall in Klinik und Praxis bei Kindern und Jugendlichen

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    Background!#!The indication for radiography should strictly follow the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle in pediatric and adolescent trauma patients. The effect of radiation on the growing sensitive tissue of these patients should not be disregarded.!##!Question!#!The Pediatric Traumatology Section (SKT) of the German Trauma Society (DGU) wanted to clarify how the principle is followed in trauma care.!##!Methods!#!An online survey was open for 10 weeks. Target groups were trauma surgeons, pediatric surgeons, general surgeons, and orthopedic surgeons.!##!Results!#!From Nov. 15, 2019, to Feb. 29, 2020, 788 physicians participated: branch office 20.56%, MVZ 4.31%, hospital 75.13%; resident 16.62%, senior 38.07%, chief 22.59%. By specialist qualification, the distribution was: 38.34% surgery, 33.16% trauma surgery, 36.66% special trauma surgery, 70.34% orthopedics and trauma surgery, 18.78% pediatric surgery. Frequency of contact with fractures in the above age group was reported as 37% < 10/month, 27% < 20/M, 36% > 20/M. About 52% always request radiographs in 2 planes after acute trauma. X-ray of the opposite side for unclear findings was rejected by 70%. 23% use sonography regularly in fracture diagnosis. In polytrauma children and adolescents, whole-body CT is never used in 18%, rarely in 50%, and standard in 14%.!##!Discussion!#!The analysis shows that there is no uniform radiological management of children and adolescents with fractures among the respondents.!##!Conclusion!#!Comparing the results of the survey with the consensus findings of the SKT recently published in this journal, persuasion is still needed to change the use of radiography in primary diagnosis

    Chirurgische Nadeln in OrthopÀdie und Unfallchirurgie

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    For surgeons in the clinic and practice, the handling of suture material is the "daily bread". Therefore, one might assume that knowledge of this material is competent and comprehensive. However, daily experience shows a different picture. Often, the knowledge regarding needle shape, needle composition as well as needle size is only marginal and the surgeon has to rely on the knowledge of his OR nurse.The choice of needle is critical for each surgical step and each tissue; however, the use of the correct suture material in relation to the tissue to be sutured is essential, not only with respect to the quality of the suture but also with respect to the traumatization of the tissue. Depending on the tissue, different requirements must be placed on or taken into account for both the needle and the sutures. The purpose of this article is to provide the most essential and basic knowledge, such as the influence of needle shape and dimensions, effect of atraumatic or traumatic (so called sharp) needles on the tissue and shape of the needle tip. The interaction between the needle holder and the needle and the surgeon's hand in different applications is presented. In this present article, the main focus is on the needle and needle holder. A follow-up article specifically dedicated to sutures is being planned. The article does not claim to be 100% complete but the most essential, everyday questions should be clarified

    virtX: ein Lehr- und Lernsystem fĂŒr mobile RöntgengerĂ€te zur Verbesserung der Ausbildung im Strahlenschutz

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    Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die durch röntgentechnische Diagnoseverfahren in der Medizin entstehende Strahlenbelastung fĂŒr Patient und Personal soll laut Strahlenschutzverordnung so gering wie möglich gehalten werden. Um dieses zu erreichen ist ein professioneller und bedachter Umgang mit den RöntgengerĂ€ten unabdingbar. Dieses Verhalten kann derzeit jedoch nur theoretisch vermittelt werden, da sich ein Üben mit realer Strahlung von selbst verbietet. Daher stellt sich die Frage wie man die Strahlenschutzausbildung durch eine verbesserte Vermittlung der komplexen Thematik unterstĂŒtzen kann. Methoden: Das CBT-System (Computer Based Training) virtX, welches das Erlernen der korrekten Handhabung mobiler RöntgengerĂ€te unterstĂŒtzt, wurde um Aspekte aus dem Bereich des Strahlenschutzes erweitert. Es wurde eine prototypische Visualisierung der entstehenden Streustrahlung sowie die Darstellung des Nutzstrahlenganges integriert. Des Weiteren wurde die Berechnung und Anzeige der virtuellen Einfallsdosis fĂŒr das durchstrahlte Volumen sowie fĂŒr den Bereich des BildverstĂ€rkers hinzugefĂŒgt. FĂŒr die Berechnung und Visualisierung all dieser Komponenten werden die in virtX parametrisierbaren C-Bogen-Einstellungen, z.B. Stellung der Blenden, Positionierung des RöntgengerĂ€tes zum durchstrahlten Volumen und StrahlenintensitĂ€t, herangezogen. Das so erweiterte System wurde auf einem dreitĂ€gigen Kurs fĂŒr OP-Personal mit ĂŒber 120 Teilnehmern eingesetzt und auf der Basis von Fragebögen evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Von den Teilnehmern gaben 55 einen ausgefĂŒllten Evaluations-Fragebogen ab (Responserate 82%). Das Durchschnittsalter der 39 weiblichen und 15 mĂ€nnlichen Teilnehmer (einer o.A.) lag bei 33±8 Jahren, die Berufserfahrung bei 9,37±7 Jahren. Die Erfahrung mit dem C-Bogen wurde von einem Teilnehmer (2%) mit „Keine oder bisher nur EinfĂŒhrung erhalten“, von acht Teilnehmern (14%) mit „bediene einen C-Bogen gelegentlich“ und von 46 (84%) mit „bediene einen C-Bogen regelmĂ€ĂŸig“ angegeben. 45 (92%) der Teilnehmer gaben an, durch die Visualisierung der Streustrahlung etwas Neues zur Vermeidung unnötiger Strahlenbelastung dazugelernt zu haben. Schlussfolgerung: Trotz einer bislang nur prototypischen Visualisierung der Streustrahlung können mit virtX zentrale Aspekte und Verhaltensweisen zur Vermeidung unnötiger Strahlenbelastung erfolgreich vermittelt werden und so LĂŒcken der traditionellen Strahlenschutzausbildung geschlossen werden

    virtX - a computer based system for training the intrasurgical use of mobile image intensifier systems

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    Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die korrekte intraoperative Positionierung und Einstellung eines mobilen BildverstĂ€rkers (auch C-Bogen) kann zurzeit theoretisch mit Hilfe von LehrbĂŒchern erlernt, am GerĂ€t selbst aber nur ohne visuelle RĂŒckmeldung, d.h. ohne ein zur Ausrichtung korrespondierendes Röntgenbild, trainiert werden. Hieraus ergibt sich die Fragestellung, inwiefern das Training der Handhabung und richtigen Einstellung des C-Bogens in verschiedenen Operationsszenarien durch ein C-Bogen Simulationssystem als Teil eines CBT-Systems (Computer Based Training) unterstĂŒtzt werden kann. Methoden: In Kooperation mit Ärzten aus Unfallchirurgie und Radiologie wurde das computer-basierte Trainingssystem virtX entwickelt. virtX kann dem Nutzer verschiedene Aufgaben zur Einstellung eines C-Bogens stellen und die AusfĂŒhrung und das Ergebnis bewerten. Die Aufgaben können mit Hilfe eines Autorensystems erstellt und vom Trainierenden in verschiedenen Modi erfĂŒllt werden: im rein virtuellen Modus oder im kombinierten virtuell-realen Modus. Im rein virtuellen Modus steuert der Nutzer den virtuellen C-Bogen in einem virtuellen OP-Saal mittels einer grafisch-interaktiven BenutzungsoberflĂ€che. Im virtuell-realen Modus hingegen wird die Ausrichtung eines realen C-Bogens erfasst und auf den virtuellen C-Bogen ĂŒbertragen. WĂ€hrend der AufgabenerfĂŒllung kann der Benutzer zu jeder Zeit ein realitĂ€tsnahes, virtuelles Röntgenbild erzeugen und dabei alle Parameter wie Blendenstellung, RöntgenintensitĂ€t, etc. wie bei einem realen C-Bogen steuern. virtX wurde auf einem dreitĂ€gigen Kurs fĂŒr OP-Personal mit 120 Teilnehmern eingesetzt und auf der Basis von Fragebögen evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Von den Teilnehmern gaben 79 einen ausgefĂŒllten Evaluations-Fragebogen ab. Das Durchschnittsalter der 62 weiblichen und 15 mĂ€nnlichen Teilnehmer (zwei o.A.) lag bei 34 ± 9 Jahren, die Berufserfahrung bei 8,3 ± 7,6 Jahren. 18 Personen (23%) gaben an, gelegentlich mit einem C-Bogen zu arbeiten, 61 (77%) arbeiteten regelmĂ€ĂŸig damit. Über 83% der befragten Teilnehmer empfanden virtX als eine sinnvolle ErgĂ€nzung zur herkömmlichen Ausbildung am C-Bogen. Das virtuelle Röntgen wurde mit einer Zustimmung von 91% der befragten Teilnehmer als besonders wichtig fĂŒr das VerstĂ€ndnis der Arbeitsweise eines C-Bogens beurteilt. Ebenso erhielt der kombinierte virtuell-reale Modus mit 84% Zustimmung einen vergleichsweise hohen Stellenwert. Schlussfolgerung: Die Befragung zeichnet ein positives Bild der Akzeptanz des virtX-System als substanzielle ErgĂ€nzung zur herkömmlichen Ausbildung am C-Bogen.Background and objectives: Currently the correct intrasurgical positioning and adjustment of mobile X-ray image intensifiers (C-arm) can be learned theoretically through the use of textbooks, the practical training with the device itself suffers from the lack of visual feedback, i.e. radiographs corresponding to the adjustment of the C-arm. This leads to the question, whether the training of correct operation and adjustment of a C-arm in different operation scenarios can be supported by a C-arm simulation system being part of a CBT system (Computer Based Training). Methods: In co-operation with physicians from accident surgery and radiology the computer-based training system virtX was developed. virtX confronts the user with different exercises of C-arm adjustment and evaluates their execution and the results. These tasks can be created with the help of an authoring tool and can be accomplished by the trainee in different modes: a pure virtual mode and a combined virtual-real mode. In the pure virtual mode the user controls the virtual C-arm in a virtual operating theatre via the graphic-interactive virtX user interface. In the virtual-real mode however the position and orientation of a real C-arm are detected and mapped onto the virtual C-arm. At any time during the completion of an exercise the user can produce a close-to-reality, virtual radiograph and can control all parameters, like the positions of the apertures, X-ray intensity, etc. virtX was used on a three-day course for OR personnel with 120 participants and evaluated using questionnaires. Results: 79 of the participants returned a questionnaire. The average age of the 62 female and 15 male participants (two n.s.) was 34 ± 9 years, their professional experience was 8.3 ± 7.6 years. 18 persons (23%) indicated to work occasionally with a C-arm, 61 (77%) worked regularly with it. Over 83% of the interviewed participants considered virtX a useful addition to the conventional C-arm training. With an acceptance of 91% of the participants the virtual radiography was judged particularly important for understanding C-arm functioning. With 84% acceptance the combined virtual-real mode also got a comparatively high rating. Conclusion: The evaluation results show a high degree of acceptance of the virtX system as a substantial enhancement of conventional C-arm training
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