Production dimension and potential of permanent grasslands of Romania in relation to animals growth

Permanent grassland is part of the national land heritage, the destination of which can never be changed. The current surface of Romania's permanent grasslands is estimated at 4.81 million hectares, representing 20% of the country's surface area and 34% of the agricultural area, surface that increased by 9% compared to 1990. Romania's permanent grasslands are found in all the altitude zones, from the Black Sea shore to the alpine peaks, being permanently under the influence of the natural factors of these areas (soil, slope, altitude, exposition, etc.), resulting in a decrease in the degree of use of the resulting phytomass as animal feed. Thus, it is estimated that out of the total area of grassland about 17% (780 thousand hectares) are affected by natural limiting factors. Bovines are found in 50% in the plain area, 30% in the hill area and 20% in the mountain area. Sheep and goats are found in the highest proportion in the hill area (40%), followed by the plain and mountain areas by 30%. In the current situation of the distribution of ruminant animals, on relief areas, except for hill and mountain meadows where there is a green mass overflow in these areas, the largest green mass deficit is found in the plains (75%)

Biological fixation of the nitrogen (NFB) in the temporary grasslands with Festuca rubra L.

In the conditions from our country, even Festuca rubra is a well spread species in the permanent grasslands from mountains it was less studied in different structures of mixtures for the setting of the temporary grasslands. From this point of view the realised researches had as main purpose the estimation of the fixation capacity of the biological nitrogen (NFB) in the framework of the studied floristic structures. The experiment consisted of a bi-factorial experiment, with the following factor graduations: A- Mixture types: a1 = Festuca rubra L. (100%); a2 = Festuca rubra L. (60%) + Trifolium repens L. (40%); a3 = Festuca rubra L. (60%) + Lotus corniculatus L. (40%); a4 = Festuca rubra L. (60%) + Trifolium repens L. (20%) + Lotus corniculatus L. (20%) and B- Nitrogen rates: b1 = N0; b2 = N50; b3 = N100. The mixtures of Festuca rubra L. and of the legume species we studied produced between 14.03 and 52.25 kg of NFB per ha per year. With no nitrogen fertilisation, the amount of NFB ranged between 14.03 and 48.01 kg/ha/year. The largest amounts of NFB were produced by the complex mixture, where the share of legumes and of dry matter also was higher than in the other types of mixtures we analysed

Study of the behavior of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in mixtures of perennial grasses and legumes, used by mowing and grazing

The research was carried out in the Banat plain area, characterized by the uneven distribution of rainfall during the vegetation period. The experimental device applied included three types of simple mixtures (Lolium perenne 50% + Festuca pratensis 50%, Lolium perenne 50% + Trifolium repens 50%, Lolium perenne 50% + Lotus corniculatus 50%) and a complex mixture (Lolium perenne 30% + Festuca pratensis 30% + Trifolium repens 20% + Lotus corniculatus 20%) used both by mowing and grazing directly with sheep. The fertilization was carried out uniformly, at all experimental variants (200 kg/ha of complex fertilizers was applied at the establishment, and during the vegetation a dose of N150 was applied in fractions, before the vegetation started and after each mowing or grazing cycle). The grazing variants was carried out with young males sheep of Țurcana breed. The floral composition of temporary grassland reacts differently to the valorification methods (mowing and grazing) because the morphological and ecophysical peculiarities of the grass and legume species are different. In case of simple mixtures, Lolium perenne is very competitive in blends with Festuca pratensis with a share of 52% in mowed variants, and 73% in grazing variants. Perennial grasses and legumes used for the simple and complex mixtures were: Timis 81 (Lolium perenne), Tampa (Festuca pratensis), Danitim (Trifolium repens), Dragotim (Lotus corniculatus). In the two years of production, the complex blend recorded the highest production of dry matter, in both uses, under conditions of balanced floral ratio between the component species

Biological fixation of the nitrogen (NFB) in the temporary grasslands with Festuca rubra L.

In the conditions from our country, even Festuca rubra is a well spread species in the permanent grasslands from mountains it was less studied in different structures of mixtures for the setting of the temporary grasslands. From this point of view the realised researches had as main purpose the estimation of the fixation capacity of the biological nitrogen (NFB) in the framework of the studied floristic structures. The experiment consisted of a bi-factorial experiment, with the following factor graduations: A- Mixture types: a1 = Festuca rubra L. (100%); a2 = Festuca rubra L. (60%) + Trifolium repens L. (40%); a3 = Festuca rubra L. (60%) + Lotus corniculatus L. (40%); a4 = Festuca rubra L. (60%) + Trifolium repens L. (20%) + Lotus corniculatus L. (20%) and B- Nitrogen rates: b1 = N0; b2 = N50; b3 = N100. The mixtures of Festuca rubra L. and of the legume species we studied produced between 14.03 and 52.25 kg of NFB per ha per year. With no nitrogen fertilisation, the amount of NFB ranged between 14.03 and 48.01 kg/ha/year. The largest amounts of NFB were produced by the complex mixture, where the share of legumes and of dry matter also was higher than in the other types of mixtures we analysed

Productivity and conversion of sown grasslands in the plains area of Banat

The sown meadows, consisting of complex mixtures of grassland grasses and legumes species ensure a high level of production, a high quality of feed, an important source of biological nitrogen, which ensures the protein autonomy of the forage system. The paper highlights the influence of the structure of some perennial grasses and legumes, sown in the plains area, on the production of plant dry matter, on the use of the sown grassland, on the conversion into animal products and on the economic efficiency of the pratoecosystem in relation to animals. Carried out studies have shown that sown grasslands, consisting of a complex mixture (Lolium perenne 30 % + Festuca pratensis 30 % + Trifolium repens 20 % + Lotus corniculatus 20 %), in the plains area, used for grazing with sheep, obtains, in average, about 9 t/ha feed dry matter, over 3200 l/ha milk production and very high milk quality (5.5 % protein and 8.0 % fat). The research results showed an increase of sheep’s milk production in complex mixtures in both years of experience, compared to the mixture variant consisting only of grass species. The value of the quality indices of sheep's milk is higher, both in protein and fat, in the grazed variant, sown with a complex mixture of grasses and legumes, compared to the variant sown with only a mixture of grass species. In livestock farms, the complex sown grassland, consisting of several species of grassland grasses and legumes (multispecies) secures and makes the fodder system more efficient, ensuring both the constant increase of the feed value of the fodder and the increase of the quality indices of the animal products

Associated culture of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) under nitrogen fertilization

Abstract Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is a known grass for its high production capacity and feed quality under nitrogen fertilization. Optimizing fertilization can be achieved by applying the associated culture system (mixture) of Italian ryegrass with crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum). As a result of the studies carried out, in the variant with the sowing proportion of these two species of 50:50 (%), the average production of dry matter in the fertilized variant with N100 was 8.01 t/ha, and the average proportion of crimson clover participation in the floral composition of the mixture was 30%. Keywords: Lolium multiflorum, Trifolium incarnatum, associated culture, dry matter production, nitrogen fertilization.