The effect of exchangeable cations in clinoptilolite and montmorillonite on the adsorption of aflatoxin B1

The adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) by cation-exchanged clinoptilolite zeolitic tuff and montmorillonite was investigated at 37°C and pH 3.8 from an aqueous electrolyte having a composition similar to that of gastric juices of animals. Both minerals were exchanged from the natural form to the sodium form and then to the Cu2+, Zn2+ and Co2+-rich forms. The cation exchange was different for the different cations, but in all cases the exchanges were larger on montmorillonite than on clinoptilolite. The degree of exchange on montmorillonite was 76 % for copper (from a total of CEC 0.95 meq/g, Cu2+ 0.73 meq/g) and 85 % for zinc and cobalt. Under the same conditions (concentration, temperature, pH, contact time), the degree of exchange on zeolitic tuff was 12 % for Cu2+ (from a total CEC of 1.46 meq/g, Cu2+ 0.17 meq/g), 8 % for Zn2+ and 10 % for Co2+. Both groups of mineral adsorbents showed high AFB1 chemisorption indexes (ca). For the montmorillonite forms, ca ranged from 0.75 for the Cu-exchanged montmorillonite to 0.89 for the natural Ca-form, 0.90 for the Zn-exchanged form and 0.93 for the Co-exchanged montmorillonite. The adsorption of AFB1 on the different exchanged forms of clinoptilolite gave similar values of ca for the Cu and Ca forms (0.90) and values of 0.94 and 0.95 for the Zn- and Co-exchanged form. The impact of the mineral adsorbents on the reduction of essential nutrients present in animal feed (Cu, Zn, Mn and Co) showed that the Ca-rich montmorillonite had a higher capability for the reduction of the microelements than the Ca-rich clinoptilolite

Esophageal Mobilization in the Treatment of Short Esophagus

Short esophagus is well known complication of a long term gastroesophageal disease. There are several ways to solve this problem intraoperatively. One of the first steps is extensive esophageal mobilisation. In this review we emphasize different approaches and types of this procedure, with their advantages and disadvantages

The Collis Procedure and the Acquired Short Esophagus

One of the most intriguing problems in modern esophageal surgery is the acquired short esophagus. While some authors recognize this entity, others deny its existence. There is a consensus about types of the short esophagus, its etiology and pathophysiology. Definitive diagnosis can be established only intraoperatively. There are a few surgical procedures for this problem, and most frequently is used Collis gastroplasty with fundoplication. In this review we emphasize recent literature data and further perspectives of the Collis procedure

Risk Factors For Development Of Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) is a severe form of acute pancreatitis that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Thus, an adequate initial treatment of patients who present with acute pancreatitis (AP) based on correct interpretation of early detected laboratory and clinical abnormalities may have a significant positive impact on the disease course