Dampak Krisis Finansial Global Dan Kebijakan Antisipatif Pengembangan Industri Kelapa Sawit

Krisis finansial global (KFG) yang terjadi pada tahun 2008 ternyata menimbulkan resiko dan ketidakpastian bagi pengembangan industri kelapa sawit. Dalam jangka yang sangat pendek, harga minyak sawit terpukul. Importir dari AS, negara-negara Eropa Barat, Cina, India dan Pakistan - yang mengalami dan terkena dampak KFG – menunda bahkan membatalkan kontrak sehingga ekspor minyak sawit Indonesia terganggu. Pengkajian kebijakan ini bertujuan untuk : (i) mengidentifikasi dampak KFG terhadap industri kelapa sawit, dan (ii) mengevaluasi pengaruh berbagai kebijakan antisipatif pemerintah dan faktor eksternal pada industri kelapa sawit. Dampak yang ditimbulkan dari KFG pada industri kelapa sawit Indonesia berupa tekanan harga, ekspor dan produksi. Antara bulan Oktober 2008 hingga Maret 2009, harga CPO dan TBS terendah dan sempat menyentuh US$ 483 per ton dan Rp. 584 per kg. Tekanan harga selama KFG membawa dampak pada penurunan volume ekspor bulanan minyak sawit jatuh hingga hanya 937.000 ton. Sedangkan produksi bulanan minyak sawit sempat hanya mencapai 815.000 ton. Kebijakan lobi Internasional kombinasi Government (G) dan Business (B), penyesuaian kebijakan BK, kebijakan perluasan formula harga TBS, peningkatan akses informasi harga, dan peremajaan merupakan kebijakan antisipatif utama yang direkomendasikan dari kajian ini. Kebijakan ini diperlukan supaya jika krisis berulang atau terjadi lagi, industri kelapa sawit mampu bertahan dari tempaan krisis. Jika pemerintah tidak menerapkan kebijakan ini, resiko yang ditanggung akan lebih parah sehubungan dengan makin berkembangnya perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat swadaya/mandiri. Dampak negatifnya adalah kontribusi industri kelapa sawit dalam perekonomian nasional dapat terganggu

Performance and Suggested Alternative Strategies in Developing Indonesian Cocoa Export Business

This research focussed on the export development of cocoa bean with respect to its export growth, values and competitiveness. Based on this deve-lopment, the aim of this research is to propose alternative development strategies of export business for cocoa bean in the future. The Analysis Hierarchie Process (AHP) framework of export business of cocoa bean was arranged consecutively from formulation of focuss or goals, identification of affecting factors and actors, deter mination of actor objectives, and recognition of alternative strategies needed. Each component of goals, factors, actors, objectives, and alternative strategies were valued on the basis of their importance using Saaty scales. Results of interviews with experts were analyzed using AHP technique. The development of cocoa bean export from 2000 to 2006 showed the competitiveness position of Indonesia in the world market was fairly good. In order to increase the growth and values of cocoa bean export, the experts consider the role of government as regulators and facilitators is very important. The government became the main actor for the export development through de/regulation related to the cocoa bean commodity. The objectives of actors could be achieved by combining strategies (i) provision of fund in national and regional budget, as well as other sources (ii) implementation of recomended technologies of cocoa, (iii) acceleration of replanting program, (iv) improvement of research productivity in producing high yielding plant materials, (v) development of transportation facilities from farms to harbours, (vi) development of farmers\u27 organization and partnerships as well as strategic alliance, and (viii) pests and diseases control

Daya Saing Minyak Kelapa Sawit Indonesia Di Pasar Eropa Barat, Amerika Serikat, Dan Jepang

Until the early 1990\u27s, the competition of palm oil in International markets has been dominated by Malaysian palm oil. It is believed that Indonesian palm oil is less competitive that of Malaysian\u27s palm in the markets. The objectives of the present study are to analyse the competitiveness of Indonesian palm oil in the International markets, and to formulate strategies for market development. A Market-share approach is used to estimate the competitiveness of palm oil from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Rest of the World (ROW) in West European, the United States, and Japanese markets. The results show that Indonesian palm oil is relatively competitive in comparison to that of Malaysian and ROW in most of the markets. Strategies to enhance market development for Indonesian palm oil are necessary. In the West European market, strategies to increase or to maintain market shares of Indonesian palm oil is of importance. In the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and German markets, in particular, the strategies have to take market situation of soybean oil into account. In the US and Japanese markets, strategies to penetrate or expand market is essential. These market development strategies deserve market and marketing supports

Agribisnis Perkebunan Memasuki Awal Abad 21: Beberapa Agenda Penting

Estate-crop agribusiness has played and is still expected to play important roles inIndonesian economy. Besides its consistent contribution on economic growth and foreignexchange earning, it provides employment for more than 13 million people. In the beginningof 21st century, the estate-crop agribusiness will face various new important agenda andstrategic business environment changes related to this subsector, namely, production cost,commodity prices, market competition, trade liberalization, production policies, trade policies,regional autonomy, environmental issues, and plantation plundering. Some of them willdepress the development of the subsector in the beginning of 21st century, while the otherswill provide better opportunities for the development of the subsector or their net impacts arestill vague. To optimize the roles of the estate-crop subsector agribusiness, various importantagenda and strategic business environment changes related to the subsector should bemanaged in a such way that the negative impacts of the changes can be minimized while thepositive and vague impacts can be converted to be a growth engine of the subsector inentering the beginning of 21th century

Gejala Perubahan Penguasaan Kebun Plasma Dan Berkembangnya Ketidakmerataan Pendapatan Pada Komunitas Petani PIR-BUN

EnglishOne of the programs for the village development that fulfill the goal for the growth and equality distribution of income is the partnership program for the Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan (PIR-BUN). The objective of this program, beside to increase the productivity and the efficiency of public plantation effort is also to grant the opportunity for managing a business for the poverty stratum that do not possess plantation and fund but have the human resources capability. Then, all participants of the program are given a plasma plantation with the same width. Therefore, in support of the PIR-BUN program, the plasma plantation is the bridging for a farmer to attain the chance to increase their financial income. This research is done as a study case toward the four locations of PURBUN rubber plants that was chosen by purposive sampling. The four locations are consist of Rimbo Bujang (RB), Jambi, (Talang Jaya) Sumatera Selatan, Monterado-Kinande (MD) Kalimantan Barat, and Danau Salak (DS), Kalimantan Selatan. Data and the information was gathered and analyzed using quantitative analysis (t-test), Gini index, and descriptive statistic). The result of this research shows that in all locations there has been a change of authorized foundation of the plasma plantation, which causes not only the permanent ownership of the foundation but also the temporary ownership of the foundation. Beside that, the changes of the ownership, the width of the foundation, and the changes of the position of the ownership from being the "owner of the foundation" becoming the "owner of the non-foundation" has made a community of the PIR-BUN farmers posses the social layers more than one. Along with that, the result of t-test of the two average values of the income between the layers of the income of the PIR-BUN shows that the average of income between each layers of PIR-BUN farmers are different. The analysis of the "Gini Index" and the analysis of the "Society group income based on the World Bank concept" shows that on the PIR-BUN community in all research location there has been an inequality in the category of "medium" or low.IndonesianSalah satu program pembangunan pedesaan yang berupaya memenuhi tujuan pertumbuhan dan pemerataan diantaranya adalah program kemitraan Perusahaan Inti Rakyat Perkebunan (PIR-BUN). Sasaran program ini, selain untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan efisiensi USAha perkebunan rakyat juga untuk memberikan peluang USAha seluas-luasnya bagi lapisan masyarakat miskin yang tidak memiliki kebun dan modal tetapi memiliki sumberdaya tenaga kerja. Berkaitan dengan itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menjawab apakah setelah 10 tahun lebih terjadi Perubahan penguasaan kebun plasma serta ketidakmerataan pendapatan pada petani. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada empat lokasi PIR-BUN tanaman karet yang dipilih secara purposif, yaitu Rimbo Bujang (RB) Jambi, Talang Jaya (TJ) Sumatera Selatan, Monterado-Kinande (MD) Kalimantan Barat, dan Danau Salak (DS) Kalimantan Selatan. Analisis data dilakukan secara kuantitatif (uji beda nyata/uji-t, indeks gini, dan statistik deskriptif) dan analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di seluruh lokasi penelitian telah terjadi Perubahan kelembagaan penguasaan kebun plasma, sehingga selain terdapat kelembagaan pemilikan tetap terdapat pula kelembagaan pemilikan sementara terutama melalui kelembagaan bagi hasil. Selain itu, Perubahan-Perubahan luas pemilikan, luas penggarapan, dan Perubahan posisi pemilik tetap dari "pemilik penggarap" menjadi "pemilik bukan penggarap" telah membuat komunitas petani PIR-BUN memiliki lapisan sosial lebih dari satu. Bersamaan dengan itu, hasil uji beda dua nilai rataan pada taraf nyata 20 persen terhadap pendapatan komunitas petani PIR-BUN menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata pendapatan antar lapisan petani PIR-BUN berbeda. Demikian halnya, analisis "lndeks Gini" dan analisis "pendapatan kelompok masyarakat berdasarkan konsep Bank Dunia", bahwa pada komunitas petani PIR-BUN di semua lokasi penelitian telah terjadi ketidakmerataan dengan kategori "sedang" atau rendah

Dampak Intervensi Pemerintah Terhadap Kinerja Ekonomi Komoditas Perkebunan Utama Pada Berbagai Rezim Nilai Tukar Rupiah 1979-2005

EnglishThis research was focussed on the effects of production, trade and macro economic policies on the real price, level of protection and the achievement of estate crop commodities, namely cocoa, coffee, rubber, tea and crude palm oil (CPO), in the Indonesian domestic market. The method of analyses used includes the decomposition of relative prices of estate crop commodities and direct, indirect and total protection rates. The results show that the real prices of main estate crops in the period of 1985-1997 experienced a decrease compared to that of 1979-1985. However, in the period of 1997-2005, the real prices of cocoa and rubber, but not for coffee, tea and CPO, showed an increase compared to the preceding periods. The indirect protection, in general indicated an increase, however, the direct protection showed a decrease. In total, the rate protection of the estate crops resulted in positive values eventhough it seemed to decrease from time to time. Terms of trade of estate crops against the importing sugar, from 1979 to 1997 showed a decrease but they were still in positive values. The decreasing performance of main estate crops would be more significant with respect to the capacity to import. In the future, it is suggested that the goverment of Indonesia should adjust its interventions continuously by taking into account the International price movements of main estate crops to give incentives to producers and exporters. IndonesianPenelitian ini difokuskan pada dampak dari kebijakan pemerintah di bidang produksi, perdagangan dan makro ekonomi terhadap harga riil, tingkat proteksi dan kinerja komoditas utama perkebunan, yaitu kakao, kopi, karet, teh, dan minyak kelapa sawit mentah (CPO) di pasar domestik. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah dekomposisi harga komoditas utama perkebunan di pasar domestik dan perhitungan tingkat proteksi langsung, tak langsung dan total keduanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harga riil komoditas perkebunan pada periode 1985-1997 menunjukkan penurunan dibandingkan pada periode 1979-1985. Pada periode 1997-2005, harga riil kakao dan karet menunjukkan kenaikan dibandingkan periode sebelumnya. Namun, hal ini tidak terjadi untuk kopi, teh dan minyak kelapa sawit. Secara umum, tingkat proteksi tidak langsung menunjukkan kenaikan, sebaliknya tingkat proteksi langsung mengalami penurunan. Secara total, tingkat proteksi masih positif walaupun mengalami penurunan dari waktu ke waktu. Nilai tukar perdagangan komnoditas utama perkebunan terhadap komoditi impor, sebagai contoh gula, dari tahun 1979 ke 1997 mengalami penurunan tetapi masih bernilai positif. Penurunan kinerja ini lebih nyata jika dilihat dari kapasitas untuk mengimpor. Pada masa mendatang pemerintah Indonesia sebaiknya menyesuaikan intervensinya secara terus menerus. Pergerakan harga Internasional komoditas utama perkebunan perlu diperhitungkan sehingga intervensi tersebut dapat menghasilkan insentif bagi produsen dan pengekspor untuk berproduksi dan mengekspor

Alternatif Strategi Pengembangan Ekspor Minyak Sawit Indonesia

The development of palm oil export from 2000 to 2006 showed the competitiveness position of Indonesia in the world mar ket was fairly good. In order to increase the growth and values of palm oil export, the experts thought that the role of government as regulators and facilitators are very important. The government became the main actor for the export development throuh de/regulation related to the palm oil commodity. The objectives of actors could be achieved by combining strategies (i) encrease capacity of Belawan and Dumai harbours, (ii) reduction/elimination of loan repayment during grace period of revitalization program, (iii) human resource develeopment for both societies and workers with participative funding from Central Government, Local Government, and enterprises, (iv) reduced cost and time in processing land sertification and Hak Guna Usaha (HGU), (v) improved access for farmers to financial institution (bank), (vi) the establishment of harbours in regions based on palm oil production in the region, and (viii) the development of farm roads