Funding of Public Passenger Transport in Developing Countries - A Case of India

The funding problems of land passenger transport in developing countries are different and more complicated. The paper brings out the present scenario of financial performance and funding arrangements in the Railways and the Roadways carrying passengers in a country like India which represents developing nations of the world. Since mobility of people within the country and particularly in the cities is considered as a public utility function of the governments and local bodies, the funding of capital is mainly through the General Exchequer. This is supported by internal generation of funds within and borrowing from Financial Institutions. These measures of funding being very inadequate, new methods of attracting private capital in passenger transport sector have been proposed. Since the liberalized economic policies have been recently introduced in the country, encouragement for the private capital participation in projects under BOOT has been an important issue for consideration. Taxing the direct and the indirect beneficiaries of new transport projects to be undertaken, inviting participation of general and institutional investors in the capital formation are some other measures suggested. Commercial exploitation of transport land, commercial outlook for transport organizations and freedom to fix passenger fares will also strengthen the funding operations of capital projects in land passenger transport in India.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

Management of Hydradenitis Suppurativa by Apamarga Kshara Sutra - A Case Study

Hydradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as Acne Inversa, is a chronic disease characterized by recurrent, painful, deep-seated, rounded nodules and abscesses. Subsequent hypertrophic scarring and suppuration of apocrine gland bearing skin: axilla, groin, peri-anal and perineal regions are main features. Onset is usually after puberty. The disease tends to become chronic with subcutaneous extension leading to indurations, sinus and fistula having a profound impact on the quality of life. The exact aetiology remains unknown. The clinical features of HS can be compared with Naadivrana mentioned in classics. Treatment modalities of Naadivrana includes mainly Ksharataila Poorana and Ksharasutra application are adopted in the present case. A case report of patient suffering from HS since 4.5 years (c/o multiple pus discharging abscesses and hardened area in both axillary region) was treated by number of allopathic surgeons and physicians but there was minimal relief and recurrence (6-7 times) even after Incision and Drianage (I&D) and wide excision. The patient was under Ayurveda treatment for approximately 5 months and pus discharge, hardness reduced completely and is on followup since 8 months there is no recurrence, patient was treated internally with Gandakarasayana, Triphala Guggulu and Varunadi Kashaya. Apamarga Kshara Taila infiltration followed by Apamarga Kshara Sutra application to the intercommunicating sinuses, adviced to maintain local hygiene

Funding of Public Passenger Transport in Developing Countries - A Case of India

The funding problems of land passenger transport in developing countries are different and more complicated. The paper brings out the present scenario of financial performance and funding arrangements in the Railways and the Roadways carrying passengers in a country like India which represents developing nations of the world. Since mobility of people within the country and particularly in the cities is considered as a public utility function of the governments and local bodies, the funding of capital is mainly through the General Exchequer. This is supported by internal generation of funds within and borrowing from Financial Institutions. These measures of funding being very inadequate, new methods of attracting private capital in passenger transport sector have been proposed. Since the liberalized economic policies have been recently introduced in the country, encouragement for the private capital participation in projects under BOOT has been an important issue for consideration. Taxing the direct and the indirect beneficiaries of new transport projects to be undertaken, inviting participation of general and institutional investors in the capital formation are some other measures suggested. Commercial exploitation of transport land, commercial outlook for transport organizations and freedom to fix passenger fares will also strengthen the funding operations of capital projects in land passenger transport in India.Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies. Faculty of Economics and Business. The University of Sydne

To evaluate the efficacy of Jalaukavacharana followed by Khadira Prayoga in Vicharchika w.s.r. to Eczema

Vicharchika (Eczema) is a skin disorder with predominance of Pitta Kapha Dosha, with clinical features like Kandu, Srava, Pidaka, Shyavata, Rookshata, Raji, Ruja and Daha mainly in the extremities. It is the second commonest skin disease affecting all age groups, with incidence rate of 2-3% and high rate of recurrence. Ayurveda emphasizes Shodhana therapy as the main line of treatment in skin disorders. Raktamokshana is indicated as Rakta is mainly involved in Vicharchika. In the present study, two treatment modalities were selected to find out which is more appropriate

To evaluate the efficacy of Jalaukavacharana followed by Khadira Prayoga in Vicharchika w.s.r to Eczema

Vicharchika (Eczema) is a skin disorder with predominance of Pitta Kapha Dosha, with clinical features like Kandu, Srava, Pidaka, Shyavata, Rookshata, Raji, Ruja and Daha mainly in the extremities. It is the second commonest skin disease affecting all age groups, with incidence rate of 2-3% and high rate of recurrence. Ayurveda emphasizes Shodhana therapy as the main line of treatment in skin disorders. Raktamokshana is indicated as Rakta is mainly involved in Vicharchika. In the present study, two treatment modalities were selected to find out which is more appropriate