Restructuring Compulsory Education in Pakistan in the Post-eighteenth Constitutional Amendment Era: Insights from the Region and Developed Nations

Free and compulsory education has become a constitutional right of all the Pakistanis since the eighteenth amendment has come into effect. Compulsory and free education requires the laws to implement the education offerings in the compulsory age group. This study draws on a desk review of the compulsory education offerings in five countries: India, USA, UK, Singapore and Finland. The study is aimed at getting insights into how compulsory education is being organized in the region and globally, and forwards some recommendations regarding how it may be organized by various provinces of Pakistan.&nbsp

Change in High School Students’ Attitude regarding Perceived Usefulness of Online-Live-Teaching

The objective of the study is to examine the effect of online-live-teaching on 7th grader’ attitudes and difference of attitudes towards online-live-teaching before and after experiencing it. The TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) as framework was utilized. For the study a True Experimental Design, pre and post-test control group method was used. The purpose was to find out change of attitudes towards online-live-teaching. A government high school was selected in a rural setting having around 104 students in 7th grade at least as well as having electricity and internet connectivity. Three groups were formed and the participants were assigned to each group through simple random sampling using SPSS. The A & B were the Experimental groups while C was the Control group. In the experimental group A, the 7th graders received online-live-teaching for mathematics. In group B, the teacher taught online but an assistant was present in the class who assisted the students technically. The assistance included mic setting, screen setting, online class connectivity, checking the classwork and controlling the 7th graders. The control group was taught in a routine way. The school mathematics teacher was selected to teach in all three groups. The teacher used the prescribed 7th grade Balochistan textbook board mathematics. Before experiment the teacher, the assistant and 7th graders of experimental groups A & B were trained on how to operate an online class. The duration was one quarter (04 months the students of all three groups A, B & C were asked to fill the attitude rating scale regarding students’ attitudes toward online-live-teaching before and after the experiment. The paired sample t-test was utilized. The 7th graders’ attitudes towards online-live-teaching in group A and group B were improved while in group C the attitudes were remain same