The airway in inhalational injury: diagnosis and management.

It is estimated that 13.000 to 22.000 individuals suffer from inhalational burns each year in the United States alone. Despite these high numbers, inhalational burns remain a major challenge to otolaryngologists. In this paper, a review of literature is presented in order to provide otolaryngologists with a systematic approach to patients with inhalational burns to optimize treatment, cost, morbidity and, most importantly, mortality. For this purpose, a broad PubMed search was conducted. The available literature was found to highlight the importance of airway management in terms of the timing of intubation, method of intubation, trachea-esophageal (TE) fistula formation and TE rupture. It also emphasizes the importance of carbon monoxide intoxication and prompt correction. Drugs such as heparin sulfate, N-acetylcysteine and albuterol have been proven to help in the treatment of patients with inhalational burns, and more research is currently underway with the purpose of developing chelating drugs that scavenge the toxic substances in the smoke before they can damage the airway

The effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

IMPORTANCE: The immunological sequelae of tonsillectomy in children have been a source of debate among physicians and a continuous concern for parents. Contradictory pertinent results exist in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To understand the real effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE and COCHRANE. STUDY SELECTION: Articles addressing the effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system, up to Dec 2014. Related keywords and medical subject headings were used during the search. The abstracts were reviewed to determine suitability for inclusion based on a set of criteria. Manual crosscheck of references was performed. DATA EXTRACTION: We checked the tests results and the conclusion of each study to classify it as supporting or refuting the hypothesis of a negative effect of tonsillectomy on the immune system. RESULTS: We reviewed 35 articles, published between 1971 and 2014, including 1997 patients. Only Four studies (11.4%), including 406 patients (20.3%) found that tonsillectomy negatively affects the immune system. We performed a separate meta-analysis on various reviewed humoral and cellular immunological parameters (e.g. total and specific serum Ig\u27s, SecIgA, cellular immunity, and Ag specific Ig). There is more evidence to suggest that tonsillectomy has no negative clinical or immunological sequalae on the immune system. Study limitations included heterogeneity in the diagnostic tools, timing of testing, indication for tonsillectomy and patients\u27 age. CONCLUSION: It is reasonable to say that there is enough evidence to conclude that tonsillectomy has no clinically significant negative effect on the immune system. It will be important for future studies to uniformly use both preoperative and control laboratory tests\u27 levels to compare the postoperative levels with, to have short and long term follow-up levels, and to include both humoral and cellular immunity in their measurements. RELEVANCE: The results should reassure both surgeons and parents that tonsillectomy has no proven clinical sequalae. If more research is to be done in the future, it should be performed in a standardized way to avoid the heterogeneity seen in the literature