Микробиологическая диагностика проблемных экологических ситуаций на объектах рекреационного природопользования

Completed long-term studies have shown dynamic changes in the composition and structure of the microbial soil population under the influence of soil compaction, which allows the use of microbial soil population as diagnostic indicators for environmental monitoring of recreational natural facilities.Выполненные многолетние динамические исследования показали изменение состава и структуры почвенного микробного населения под влиянием уплотнения почвы, что позволяет использо-вать их в качестве диагностических показателей при проведении экологического мониторинга объектов рекреационного природопользования

Микробиологическая оценка состояния лесных и лесопарковых экосистем

The results of research of laws between the nitrogen-fixing ability of the soil and the surface con-dition of photosynthetic plants. It is established that the quantity of microbial biomass is an indicator of the state of the stand and can be used in the evaluation of the productivity and resilience of ecosystems under the influence of various factors anthropogenesis.В статье приведены результаты исследования закономерностей между азотофиксирующей способностью почвы и состоянием фотосинтетической поверхности растений. Установлено, что величина микробной биомассы является индикатором состояния древостоя и может быть использована при оценке продуктивности и устойчивости экосистем под влиянием различных факторов антропогенеза

Влияние городской среды на загрязнение почв тяжелыми металлами в зависимости от состава и возраста лесных древостоев (на примере лесной опытной дачи РГАУ-МСХА им. К.А. Тимирязева)

The condition of wood plantings in forest-park ecosystems of megalopolises and performance of private sanitary and ecological functions by them substantially depends on intensity of influence of anthropogenic factors of the city. Intensity of these changes is corrected also by structure of tree species: it is established that for the centenary period (1909—2000) pollution of soils of LOD by heavy metals considerably increased: on lead — at 40—50 time, on copper at 17—24 time and to zinc — 4—9 times. Accumulation of heavy metals in the soil is closely connected with removal from a pollution source (city highways, the industrial enterprises), and also with a complex of properties of the soils caused by its consolidation at intensive recreational loading, and also from structure wood and shrubby plantings.Состояние лесных насаждений в лесопарковых экосистемах мегаполисов и выполнение ими частных санитарно-экологических функций в значительной степени зависит от интенсивности воздействия антропогенных факторов города и корректируется также составом древесных пород: установлено, что за столетний период (1909—2000 гг.) загрязнение почв Лесной опытной дачи (ЛОД) РГАУ-МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева тяжелыми металлами значительно возросло: по свинцу — в 40—50 раз, по меди — в 17—24 раза и цинку — в 4—9 раз. Накопление тяжелых металлов в почве тесно связано с удалением от источника загрязнения (городских автомагистралей, промышленных предприятий), с комплексом свойств почвы, обусловленных ее уплотнением при интенсивной рекреационной нагрузке, а также с составом древесно-кустарниковый насаждений

Почвенно-экологическая характеристика Лесной опытной дачи РГАУ - МСХА им. К.А. Тимирязева под насаждениями в условиях различной антропогенной нагрузки

The heavy metals circulating in the biosphere have a huge negative impact on ecosystem components. At the same time however, the real danger from the environmental pollution by the heavy metals (HM) is constituted not by gross volume of metals, but by their mobile forms as the last practically define the accumulation of elements in biomass and influence the biological activity of soils. Meanwhile, the level study of this question is very weak. The influence of soil consolidation on HM mobility is almost not unknown. In this regard at wood sites with unequal anthropogenic loading we have conducted researches which have demonstrated the dependence of toxic heavy metals forms, diverse by durability of commu-nication, on the consolidation of soil. In many respects the density of soil profile defines the formation of the soil modes — water-air, temperature, oxidation-reduction, biochemical, and often makes decisive im-pact on demonstration of the soil main ecological functions, conditions of growth, development and efficien-cy of plants, microorganisms activity and soil fauna.Тяжелые металлы, циркулирующие в биосфере, оказывают огромное отрицательное влияние на компоненты экосистемы. Однако при этом реальную опасность загрязнения окружающей среды тяжелыми металлами (ТМ) представляют не валовые содержания металлов, а их подвижные формы, так как последние практически определяют накопление элементов в фитомассе и влияют на биологическую активность почв. Между тем изученность этого вопроса очень слабая. Практически не изученным является влияние уплотнения почвы на подвижность ТМ. В этой связи на участках леса с неодинаковой антропогенной нагрузкой нами были проведены исследования, которые показали зависимость различных по прочности связи форм токсичных тяжелых металлов от уплотнения почвы. Плотность сложения почвенного профиля во многом определяет формирование почвенных режимов - водно-воздушного, температурного, окислительно-восстановительного, биохимического и оказывает часто решающее влияние на проявление почвенных основных экологических функций, условия роста, развития и продуктивность растений, жизнедеятельность микроорганизмов и почвенной фауны

Мегаполисы 2050: от угроз урбанизации к устойчивому развитию городов

Urbanization is a global land-use change tendency, responsible for substantial environmental changes. At the same time urban ecosystems are vulnerable to global changes, and their adaptation is necessary to maintain sustainable functionality and important ecosystem services. Sustainable urban development demands for integration of innovative green technologies and natural-based solutions in urban management, which is only possible through a collaboration of scientists, landscape designers, civil engineers and policy-makers.Урбанизация - глобальная тенденция изменения современного землепользования, фундаментально изменяющая окружающую среду. В свою очередь, урбоэкосистемы подвержены воздействию глобальных (в том числе климатических) изменений. Адаптация городских экосистем к глобальным изменениям - необходимое условие сохранения их устойчивого функционирования и предоставляемых ими экосистемных сервисов. Устойчивое развитие городов подразумевает внедрение современных технологий зеленого строительства и рационального природопользования в систему городского менеджмента, что достижимо только при взаимодействии всех заинтересованных сторон, включая научное сообщество, ландшафтных архитекторов, инженеров-градостроителей, городскую и муниципальную администрацию

Analyzing Soil Metal Toxicity: Spiked or Field-Contaminated Soils?

[No abstract available

Microfungal community composition and alternaria phytotoxic effect in the lead polluted Urban soil

The present study is devoted to investigate the effect of high lead contamination on the soil microfungal composition of the urban forest. The investigation was performed for the urban forest soil contaminated by following concentrations of lead: 80, 800, 8,000 and 80,000 ppm. The experiments revealed high resistances of Alternaria and Fusarium fungi to Pb contamination of urban soil. Simultaneously was determined the relatively low tolerance of soil Penicillium microfungi along lead concentration gradient (up 80 to 80,000 ppm). Moreover, the phytotoxic effect of Alternaria microfungi cultivated on high-lead contaminated soil (80–8,000 ppm) was assessed. Obtained results showed the significant impact of lead concentrations (>80 ppm) on the phytotoxicity of Alternaria. Decrease in germination of pea seeds and average root growth was more than 85% in the high lead contaminated soils in comparison to the control sample. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019

The effects of soil-ecological factors on the Pb migration in the soil of urban forest ecosystem

Leadisone of the most dangerous heavy metals for human. The studies of lead migration in the soil as are significantly important to forecast the transfer factors of lead in ecosystems. The paper represents data of lead concentration in dependence of the soil depth and degrees of anthropogenic impact. The research revealed influence of anthropogenic impact and species of arboreal vegetation on Pb migration in the soil profile. The results of lead concentration positively varyin the soil due to anthropogenic impact from 62.2 mg/kg to 139 mg/kg. The effect of arboreal vegetation species results in the high Pb migration down the soil profile in pine and birch sites and preferable accumulation of Pb in the upper humus horizon in the oak sites. © Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Environmental monitoring of sod-podzolic soils under the forest stands over one hundred year period: The case study at the forest experimental station in Moscow, Russia

This study of forest soil ecology conducted in the forest experimental station of the Russian State Agrarian University of Moscow Agricultural Academy reveals the evolution of a soil profile over a 100-year period influenced by a change from pine and spruce stands to two-tier mixed plantations of birch, maple, linden and oak. The rates of formation of the humus horizon and the reduction of the thickness of the podzolic horizon was determined by this change. Native pine tree growth enhances the podzol development process resulting in the development of an admixture of deciduous tree populations. This growth of hardwoods succeeding into the pine forest turn reduces the rate of accumulation of the upper horizon by 3 times. Humus horizon under these mixed stands was found to be the thickest in the locations, hardwood dominated. Comparison of the taxonomic properties with the soil characteristics will help in developing criteria for the vegetation stability and productivity in urban and suburban areas. This study reveals that the composition of tree species and their successions influences the main soil forming processes in the profile of sod-podzolic soil. The results of the study can be used to predict the soil-forming processes and the states of the forests. The ability to assess and predict these conditions is extremely important for soil-ecological monitoring in recreational forests for ecological landscape mapping. © Springer International Publishing AG 2018

Evaluation of connected clonal growth of Solidago chilensis as an avoidance mechanism in copper-polluted soils

Plant resistance to metals can be achieved by two strategies, tolerance and avoidance. Although metal tolerance has been broadly studied in terrestrial plants, avoidance has been less considered as a strategy to cope with soil metal pollution. Avoidance may be an effective alternative in herbaceous plants with connected clonal growth in environments having high heterogeneity in soil micro-spatial distribution of available metals and other soil conditions (i.e. organic matter). In this study, we performed a laboratory experiment on clonal growth of Solidago chilensis when exposed to copper-spiked soils (800 mg kg−1) at different depths (0, 2, 5 and 8 cm depth), with (20%) and without addition of organic matter to mimic contrasting microhabitats found at smelter hinterlands (i.e. open bare ground and microhabitats below shrubs). Results showed that plants grown in the 2 cm-depth Cu-spiked soils were able to growth and produce ramets and rhizomes. However, increased Cu uptake of plants determined phytotoxic effects and a reduction in clonal spread in the 5 cm- and 8 cm-depth Cu-spiked soils. Addition of organic matter to the Cu-spiked soil layers allowed clonal spread. Considering that ramet and rhizome production is decreased but not inhibited when copper pollution is restricted to the uppermost soil layer (2 cm depth) and that organic matter eliminated soil copper toxicity allowing normal clonal spread, connected clonal growth may be an effective avoidance mechanism of Solidago chilensis, particularly in environments with high heterogeneity in micro-spatial distribution of metals and organic matter in the soil profile and between microhabitats. © 2019 Elsevier Lt