COMPARING THE GENERAL HEALTH, LIFE EXPECTANCY AND HAPPINESS OF MOTHERS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN WITH MOTHERS OF NORMAL CHILDREN

This study compares life expectancy, public health and happiness of mothers of normal students with mothers of autistic children. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that is yet unknown as most serious and most childhood disorders. As long the incidence of autism is increasing, the focusing on the needs and experiences of parents is urgent. This study compared general health, happiness and hope to the lives of mothers of children normal with mothers of autistic children. Participants in the study were mothers of autistic and normal school students in Mazandaran Province, Iran. 112 mothers were selected through cloning method. Miller hopes questionnaire, a questionnaire with 28 questions GHO, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire used as research tools for statistical analysis of data, descriptive statistics (such as frequency tables, charts, etc.) and inferential statistics, independent t-test to compare two groups were used. The results showed that hope, health and happiness of mothers of autistic and normal students the difference was significant. The results showed that students' disabilities and autism has negative effects on their mothers' general health, hope, and happiness.  Article visualizations

The Efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Matrix on Depression and Psychological Capital of the Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

BACKGROUND: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders, worldwide. Psychological disorders are common among patients with IBS. AIM: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) matrix on depression and psychological capital of patients with IBS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a quasi-experimental study, a total number of 30 patients with IBS were selected using convenience sampling. Those patients who meet the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups (15 patients in each group). Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ). The experimental group was subjected to the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) amtrix, but the control group do not receive this treatment. Questionnaires were completed before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the intervention by patients in two groups. All patients in two groups responded to the questionnaires and returned them to the researcher. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, independent t-test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). RESULTS: Analyzing the data showed that there were significant differences regarding depression and psychological capital between experimental and control group, before and after the study (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Using ACT matrix is a useful modality to improve the depression and psychological capital among patients with IBS

COMPARING OF GENERAL HEALTH, LIFE EXPECTANCY AND HAPPINESS OF MOTHERS OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN WITH MOTHERS OF NORMAL CHILDREN

Because the pressure of having a disabled child, parents are forced to withdraw from normal social contacts. Parents, especially mothers are withdrawn due to the increase in social exclusion and isolation; parents tend to permanent focus too much on children's activities. The increased attention to children's disabilities brings psychological disturbances and reduces the life expectancy of mothers. This study compared general health, happiness and hope to the lives of mothers of normal children with mothers of mental retard children. The present study was using causal-comparative methods. Participants in the study mothers of mental retard and normal school students in Sari province were selected. 200 mothers (100 mental retard students mothers and 100 of normal students’ mothers) were selected through cloning method. Miller hopes questionnaire, questionnaire with 28 questions GHO, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire were used as research tools for statistical analysis of data, descriptive statistics (such as frequency tables, charts, etc.) and inferential statistics, independent t-test to compare two groups were used. The results showed that between hope, health and happiness of mothers of mental retard and normal students the difference was significant. The results showed that students' disabilities have negative effects on their mothers' public health, hope, and happiness.  Article visualizations

Perspektywa czasu u osób zdrowych i pacjentów cierpiących na raka lub cukrzycę

Introduction: Time orientation can significantly improve health-related prevention behaviour and influence disease outcome through boosting health-oriented behaviour. This study aims to compare time perspective between diabetic and cancerous patients, and healthy people. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 300 patients (105 healthy, 195 patients: 108 type 2 diabetes and 87 breast and digestive system cancer) aged 20 to 70 years (average age of 45.4 years). The samples were separated into three groups based on a convenience sampling method and were matched in terms of gender, age, education and monthly income. Data was collected through the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI-56) questionnaire and then evaluated with analysis of covariance (F test) followed by Fisher’s Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. Results: The three groups showed different time perspectives (F = 4.213, p < 0.05) and different ranking in time orientation. Conclusion: Our findings show that the disease and its type can significantly impact the time orientation of patients. Therefore, to prevent potential subsequent outcomes, the patients’ time perspective towards disease should be improved, especially under disease conditions

Structural Relationships between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Mediated by Anxiety and Over-concern

Background and Objective: Considering the cultural and social changes of the society and the attitudes of people towards beauty and the attention of people to appearances and tendency to make changes in order to achieve beauty, concern with appearances and distorted physical image could be preoccupy people with their body and make them prone to body dysmorphic disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine structural relationships between early maladaptive schemas and body dysmorphic disorder mediated by anxiety and over-concern. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 300 women at dermatology clinic in Qaemshahr during a 6-month period were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected via practical obsessive-compulsive questionnaire, initial maladaptive schema, anxiety inventory, and anxiety test. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8.80 software by structural equations. Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 22 (2.4). Increased scandal score with mean (SD) of 3.5 (0.5) was associated with increased physical deformity score with mean (SD) of 3.7 (0.5) (P<0.001). Increased anxiety score with mean (SD) of 3.5 (0.5) and over-concern score with a mean (SD) of 3.6 (0.6) as intermediary variables, the effect of early maladaptive schemas on body dysmorphic disorder was increased compared to their direct relationship (P<0.001). Conclusion: The study showed that increasing score of maladaptive scales resulted in increased score of deformity disorder. In addition, increased score of anxiety and anxiety thoughts as intermediary variables, resulted in increased effect of early maladaptive schema on dysmorphic body disorder compared to the direct relationship between them. DOI: http://doi.org/10.22037/ch.v6i1.2361

The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Achievement Motivation and Quality of Life among Female High School Students in Sari

Background and Objective: Acceptance and commitment therapy is among the ways to increase student's achievement motivation and quality of life. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the achievement motivation and quality of life among female high school students in Sari in northern Iran. Materials and Methods: The design of this study was semi-experimental with a pre-test, followed by a test with a control group. Participants included female high school students in Sari who were randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Data were collected via the Achievement Motivation and Quality of Life Scale at school. The analysis of covariance was used for data analysis by using SPSS-21 software. Results: Responses of 30 female high school in the experimental group and 30 in the control group were analyzed. The mean (SD) age of the experimental group was 16.1 (2.4) and 16.6 (3.1) respectively. Acceptance and commitment therapy increased the achievement motivation among the experimental group from 50.6 (7.6) to 73.6 (6.8), P<0.001. In addition, the quality of life of participants among the experimental group was improved from 62.2 (7.6) to 89.1(7.6), P<0.001. On the other hand, the achievement motivation and quality of life of the control group did not show a significant difference in pre-test and post-test. Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment therapy increased achievement motivation and quality of life at school among high school student

The Effect of Life Skills Training on Marital Satisfaction and Happiness of Married Students

Background and Objective: Effective communication and the establishment of a good communication pattern between husband and wife have a prominent role in marital satisfaction and can play a crucial role in creating a sense of security and happiness for couples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training basic life skills on marital satisfaction and happiness in married students. Materials and Methods: The research method was semi experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all the 180 female married students of Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr branch, in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 60 students (30 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group) were randomly assigned (voluntarily) to two groups of experimental and control groups. The intervention, training basic life skills, was performed for the experimental group and pre-test and post-test were performed for both groups. Date were collected vie Marital Satisfaction Scale and Happiness Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of covariance with SPSS-22 software. Results: The mean (SD) age of the participants in the experimental group was 32.7 (6.8) and in the control group 33.6 (7). The mean (SD) marital satisfaction score was higher after training basic life skills compared with before the training: 155.9 (41.1) vs. 120.1 (47), P<0.001. The mean (SD) happiness score of married students was higher after training basic life skills compared with before the training: 49.8 (11.6) vs. 38.9 (13.9), P<0.001. No differences were observed in the mean (SD) of the pre-test and post-test score among the control group. Conclusion: Training basic life skills increased marital satisfaction and happiness among married female students