Long-term changes in habitat and trophic level of Southern Ocean squid in relation to environmental conditions

Long-term studies of pelagic nekton in the Southern Ocean and their responses to ongoing environmental change are rare. Using stable isotope ratios measured in squid beaks recovered from diet samples of wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans, we assessed decadal variation (from 1976 to 2016) in the habitat (δ13C) and trophic level (δ15N) of five important Southern Ocean squid species in relation to indices of environmental conditions—Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Based on δ13C values, corrected for the Suess effect, habitat had changed over the last 50 years for Taonius sp. B (Voss), Gonatus antarcticus, Galiteuthis glacialis and Histioteuthis atlantica but not Moroteuthopsis longimana. By comparison, mean δ15N values were similar across decades for all five species, suggesting minimal changes in trophic levels. Both SAM and SOI have increased in strength and frequency over the study period but, of the five species, only in Taonius sp. B (Voss) did these indices correlate with, δ13C and δ15N values, indicating direct relationships between environmental conditions, habitat and trophic level. The five cephalopod species therefore changed their habitats with changing environmental conditions over the last 50 years but maintained similar trophic levels. Hence, cephalopods are likely to remain important prey for top predators in Southern Ocean food webs, despite ongoing climate change

The Victoria history of the county of Essex.

Vols. 11- Have imprint : London : Published for the Institute of Historical Research by Boydell & Brewer.Vols. 3-10 have imprint: London, Published for the Institute of Historical Research by the Oxford University Press.Vols. 3-10 have title: A History of the county of Essex.Vol. 1 edited by H. Arthur Doubleday and William Page; v. 2, by William Page and J. Horace Round; v. 3-8 by W.R. Powell; v. 9-10 by Janet Cooper.Mode of access: Internet.MAIN; DA600.V6.E7: Vol. 2 replaced by photocopy edition.MAIN; DA600.V6.E7: For bibliography see: A History of the county of Essex. Bibliography. Call number: DA600.V6E7 bib MAIN

The Victoria history of the county of Bedford.

v.2 (1908

The Victoria history of the county of Bedford.

Mode of access: Internet

Box in English place-names

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