The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

Cooked, Unextracted Soybean Meal, Its Economic Feasibility in Poultry Feeds (Preliminary Report)

Excerpts from the Introduction: Feeding tests with poultry have shown that beneficial results can be obtained by an ingredient change in mixed feeds. In place of soybean oil meal and an added "inedible" fat in the ration, cooked unextracted soybean meal can be used. This finding opens the door for consideration of direct conversion of soybeans to feed mixing uses by feed mills or other feed processors. Economic questions of feasibility of processing soybeans this new way need to be resolved. A feed mixer or other processor of cooked unextracted soybean meal needs the means of deciding which is cheaper, tallow or grease added to a feed mix with soybean meal, or soybeans plus the cost of processing them this new way. This study was made to obtain preliminary evaluations of the various factors influencing this economic decision. A satisfactory commercial process for producing cooked unextracted soybean meal has not been completely worked out. Equipment manufacturers need to design equipment with processing costs per unit within the potential margins allowable. Economic research is needed to bridge the gap between nutrition research findings on cooked unextracted soybean meal as a poultry feed ingredient and commercial adoption of the product. Possible users of such new equipment need a guide as to the potential for profit it offers

Cooked, Unextracted Soybean Meal, Its Economic Feasibility in Poultry Feeds (Preliminary Report)

Excerpts from the Introduction: Feeding tests with poultry have shown that beneficial results can be obtained by an ingredient change in mixed feeds. In place of soybean oil meal and an added "inedible" fat in the ration, cooked unextracted soybean meal can be used. This finding opens the door for consideration of direct conversion of soybeans to feed mixing uses by feed mills or other feed processors. Economic questions of feasibility of processing soybeans this new way need to be resolved. A feed mixer or other processor of cooked unextracted soybean meal needs the means of deciding which is cheaper, tallow or grease added to a feed mix with soybean meal, or soybeans plus the cost of processing them this new way. This study was made to obtain preliminary evaluations of the various factors influencing this economic decision. A satisfactory commercial process for producing cooked unextracted soybean meal has not been completely worked out. Equipment manufacturers need to design equipment with processing costs per unit within the potential margins allowable. Economic research is needed to bridge the gap between nutrition research findings on cooked unextracted soybean meal as a poultry feed ingredient and commercial adoption of the product. Possible users of such new equipment need a guide as to the potential for profit it offers

Potential for Oilseed Sunflowers in the United States

The rising prominence of sunflower oil in world edible oil markets has stimulated increased interest in expanded U.S. production. U.S. acreage devoted to oilseed sunflowers has expanded rapidly, with over 600,000 acres grown in 1972. Production has been concentrated in the southern Cotton Belt States and in the Red River Valley area of Minnesota and North Dakota. This report examines recent trends in domestic fats and oils markets and the possible place of sunflower oil in these markets. Estimates are developed of the yield per acre and price required of sunflowerseed to make it competitive with established crops in the two areas. Also, estimates are made of the costs and profitability of processing sunflowerseed in southern screw-press mills